Essay --

What are the benefits and advantages of internships? Internships help you gain exposure to real issues not found in textbooks, it also helps to increase your skills that are readily marketable from doing an internship. Interning can provide you with personal growth experiences and exposure to different job opportunities. Internships give you the opportunity to evaluate potential employers nearly risk free, which is a plus. I did an internship for a year at my church. The first thing I had to do was find the facility I was going to do the internship with. The next thing was to engage a suitable mentor for the work I was going to do as an intern. After talking to two perspective mentors one was chosen. Your mentor has to be dedicated to your success, and your spiritual growth. He or she must not be afraid of telling you the truth, and make sure you can follow instructions. An internship helps you to clarify your goals, gain experience by applying your knowledge and skills in work re lated situations. Experiences you will learn You will learn what you can do and the areas you need to work on in your studies. An Internship will help you gain the confidence you need to perfect your abilities. You will also gain valuable work experience. It also will give you some insight on how to solve problems with in your work area. Your internship will help you network by establishing a contact base, and references which can give you future letters of support. Internships provide hands-on learning opportunities, and also can lead to employment. All internships do not guarantee employment, but the experience is worth it. Whether you are compensated or not, the internship can provide you some academic credit to help you farther your education. Emp... ... that are for academic credit; which foster a particular discipline of mind. There are Internships that are primarily clerical or mechanical do not qualify for academic credit, but they increase marketability to employers. On average, only 30% of graduating seniors have job offers before graduation; however, after completing an internship, that figure rises to 58%. I had never done an internship before so it was a learning experience for me. Would I do this over again probably, would I recommend an internship to someone? Yes I would, it is very rewarding growth in integrity, character, and spirituality if you let the Lord refine you, and you are able to take constructive criticism, which helps you refine your weaknesses. I think this is a great course and would recommend it to another student, thanks for the opportunity to learn and grow from this experience.

IBM Research Topic Essay

Mission Statement-Suitability for IBM The mission statement of IBM is suitable for the organization, and that not only because it sufficiently refers to the features a mission statement must have, but also because it expresses a spirit of success, teamwork and customer consideration, a spirit that only big companies can generate. Mission Statement-Strengths and weaknesses Though much important a mission stetement is, it can develop some strengths and weaknesses regarding mostly the customers of a company, the workforce and its shareholders. These three groups of people constitute a larger framework of groups, which has a legitimate interest in the fortunes of a company, the stakeholders of a company. Customers-Strengths In the market of information technology, customers will expect the most advance information technology from a company in order to fulfill their needs. Customers will also demand a flexible range of products and services (after sales service) to suit their needs. By reading the mission statement of IBM it is more than visible that the company fulfills these demands and provides strengths to its customers (â€Å"we strive to lead in the creation and manufacture of the industry’s most advance information technologies†, â€Å"we translate these advance technologies into value for our customers through our professional solutions and services worldwide†). Generally the mission statement of IBM expresses a spirit of marketing orientation, and customer devotiation. Customers-Weaknesses It is extremeny difficult to pinpoint any weaknesses regarding customers generated from the mission statement of IBM, since the company’s mission statement expresses a spirit of marketing orientation and customer service (â€Å"we translate these advanced technologies into value for our customers through our professional solutions and services worldwide†). However one could say that extremely high technology and development might create such a specialisation that may lead to non-user friendly products, which would not sufficiently serve the needs of the customers. This could be encountered as a weakness. Workforce-Strengths The workforce of a company will expect to operate in a friendly and teamwork enviroement, in which opportunities for training and career development will be given. The mission statement of IBM complies with these expectations, and so provides strengths to the workforce. Since the product line of IBM is highly technologically advanced (â€Å"development and manufacture of the industry’s most advance information technologies) the workforce of IBM will have the opportunity of being trained and having developed their career in the future. Apart from this, the mission statement itself expresses the team spirit that exist in IBM and is being expected from the workforce (â€Å"At IBM, we strive to lead in creation†¦.†. Workforce-Weaknesses Apart from the strengths that are generated from the mission statement of IBM a few weaknesses can also arise. By reading the mission statement of IBM you can easily observe the tense the company has to invest in the development of the company (technology, services) in order to lead in creation, development and manufacture of the industry’s most advance information technologies and so to serve by a more fruitfull way the needs of its customers. This however can have a negative impact on some expectations of the workforce. Employees might expect some profits of the company to be given for the use of raising wages rather than investing for the development of the company. Employees might expect shorter working hours and more standardised products and services. The non-confrontation of these expectations can be considered as weaknesses.

A Report On The Market Failure - 1063 Words

ï  ¬ Market failure:A condition in which a market does not effecintly allocate resources to achieve the greatest possible consumer satisfaction. As a result of market failure, government intervene in the economy. (John O. Ledyard ,2008) Eg: Because of the price of apple was increased last year, this year many people to plant the apple tree,and the number of apple sharply increased. So the supply exceeds demand, and the price sharply decreased. Government: An important function of government is to communicate its Macro economic objectives. A principal communication tool used to communicate the economic intentions of the government is budget. (Aidan R. Vining, 2004) Merit goods A merit goods often has positive externalities associated with it.†¦show more content†¦Eg: The State Grid Corporation China is belong to the imperfect competition. The State Grid Corporation China almost monopoly the whole power transmission of China. The government is likely to intervene when one firm has a large degree of market power. They monopoly the market for infrastructuren and the national safety. In economics the team market concentration is used to describe the degree of monopoly. Externalities An externality refers to the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. That would lead to the resources allocation poor efficiency. (George,2000) Eg: When the factory began to production,and that will make the environment pollution. The government use their power to adjust, and coordinate the problems in social. The government should realize and protect the basic interests to ensure the social equity. ï  ¬ Environment The environmental pollution problem is a negative externalities, and need the government to take part in it. But the government policy failure and environment failure would lead to a heavy environmental pollution problems. (McCormick, John,2001) And the environmental pollution is a main problems in social, the government should to keep the environment is clean, that could make the economic development. Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biologicalShow MoreRelatedEco/365651 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is an externality? Provide at least three examples. How does one of the examples you provided affect the market outcome? What is the role of government in addressing the implications of an externality you provided as an example? Is it possible that a government’s solution to a market failure would worsen the failure? Explain your answer. Externality is defined as an effect of a decision on a third party not taken into account by the decision maker. There are two types of externalities beingRead MoreThe Bank Of Japan s Monetary Stimulus Program Essay954 Words   |  4 Pagesmercy of external market forces. The central bank has recently blamed Brexit for the failure of its monetary stimulus program, and extended economic ramifications. The banks quantitative easing (QE) negative interest rates have failed to save the Japanese economy from stagnation. Global market uncertainty in light of Brexit instigated a rally for the Japanese Yen on the FOREX, leading to an appreciation of the Yen and the subsequent failure of the BofJ’s monetary stimulus. This report will identifyRead MoreDiversification Strategy at GE933 Words   |  4 Pagesstrategy is noted by Martà ­nez-Campillo, Fernà ¡ndez-Gago (2011) as a type of corporate strategy that is employed by an organization that aim at increasing its profitability by m eans of enhanced sales volume which is realized via the engagement in new markets as well as new products. Diversification can take place either at a corporate level or at business level. If diversification takes place at business level, then the business is likely to expand to a totally new industry segment within the industryRead MoreTesco Strategic Options948 Words   |  4 Pagesstores globally. Tesco continues to open into further new markets in order to increase its market share and market growth. Diversification This is a most risky strategy as organisation enters into new market where it has no information available or less experience. The risk could be failure of acceptance of products by consumers not making enough sales. Tesco has diversified its market by launching different non-food products into new markets. Tesco enjoys long-term success due to being focusedRead MoreGulf Real Estates1586 Words   |  7 Pagesleading money market advisory service in South Carolina. To provide better service for their present clients and to attract new clients, BIS developed a weekly newsletter. BIS is considering adding a new feature to the newsletter that will report the results of a weekly telephone survey of fund managers. To investigate the feasibility of offering this service, and to determine what type of information to include in the newsletter, BIS selected a simple random sample of 45 money market funds. A portionRead MoreMarketing Project Failures : What Can Be Learned?1008 Words   |  5 PagesUmesh Shirsat SUBJECT: Group #5 – Marketing Project Failures: What Can Be Learned? This report focusses on the various reasons that many marketing strategies of companies do not work as planned. It highlights the failures that companies have encountered while marketing their products. This will help the readers understand the importance of having a strong marketing strategy. It will also guide them on how to avoid such marketing failures and the need to strengthen the brand image of their productRead MoreTesco And E Mart : Market Positioning, Localization And Cost Control1565 Words   |  7 Pages Exclusive summary This report was entrusted by the CEO of ALDI, which is one of Germany’s biggest retailers. ALDI wants to expand its global business to some emerging countries, China is one of its choices due to the flourishing market. Although China is attractive to foreign investors, there are some multinational or small-medium enterprises encounter challenges and divested from China. The main purpose of this report is giving some recommendations to ALDI based on the analysis of two illustrativeRead MoreRegulation of Financial Accounting and Reporting: the Pro-Regulation Perspective1237 Words   |  5 Pagesagainst the existence of accounting regulations. With a stance of pro-regulation, this essay is going to examine the reasons that financial accounting and reporting should be regulated and the merits of accounting regulations. Firstly, financial reports are normally prepared by the management of the company who are not the owners but are involved in managing the company. They possess more information than the shareholders and stakeholders so information asymmetry arises between them. Without regulationRead MoreThe Strategic Differences Of Sony And Samsung Electronics On Sustaining Competitive Advantages1477 Words   |  6 Pagesloss of $5.7 billions dollar in the end of 2012 fiscal year is in contrast with the 2012 net income of Samsung the South Korean electronic leading company, 23,845 billions KRW—the equivalent of 23.8 billions dollar.(Samsung Electronic 2012 Annual Report, 2012) However, the recent financial problem of Sony is not resulted by a single strategic decision. It took a long period to keep the pace of digital era not only caused by company’s strategies on technology, also by the marketing management. (WileyRead MoreMartket Failure Policy Essay920 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscu ss market failures as one justification for government intervention in market relations. Define market failures and at least three distinct types of market failures. Provide three concrete, specific examples of market failures and discuss policy instruments that might be proposed to address each market failure. What are the potential problems or challenges associated with each instrument that might make its use difficult? It has been long believed by many theorists that pure free market economy

Essay on Unit 205 Duty of Care - 771 Words

Health and Social Care Assignment UNIT 5 - INTRODUCTION TO DUTY OF CARE IN HEALTH, SOCIAL CARE OR CHILDREN’S AND YOUNG PEOPLE’S SETTINGS ASSIGNMENT OVERVIEW In this assignment, you will demonstrate your understanding of what is meant by the term ‘duty of care’. You will consider the types of dilemma that you may arise in adult social care work, and find out where to get advice and support to handle these. You will look at how to respond to complaints, making sure you know and follow agreed procedures. TASKS There are three tasks to this assignment. TASK 1 2 3 TASK 1 1. Identify the following requirements when dealing with complaints. †¢ Legal EVIDENCE Short answer questions Letter Case studies OUTCOMES 3.1, 3.2 1.1, 1.2 2.1, 2.2 For†¦show more content†¦To point out to her that she can eat what she wants to eat but point out the medical points if she does eat that and encourage her to eat healthier things around that such as fresh fruit and vegetables. Where could you go to get advice, information and support to deal with the dilemma? You could seek advice from their nurse and/or their doctor 2 Health and Social Care Assignment Case Study Two Leon Quashie lives in supported housing. He has learning disabilities. You are his support worker. Leon tells you that he has a new friend who comes to his home and plays on his games console. A few days later you notice that the games console is missing. Leon tells you his new friend has borrowed it. Describe the difficulties for you in exercising your duty of care to Leon and upholding his rights. To make him understand that his friend probably hasnt borrowed his games console and might have stolen it. Explain to him that you cannot keep it a secret and will have to tell someone such as the police. Where could you go to get advice and support on how to ensure you uphold Leon’s rights but also follow your own duty of care? A consultation with a lawyer would be the best thing to do for advice and/or researching support groups online may also be helpful. 3 Health and Social Care Assignment I can confirm that the evidence listed for this unit is my own work andShow MoreRelatedQcf Level 32201 Words   |  9 PagesAssignment 204 Ai Describe in your own words what is meant by the following types of abuse: UNIT 205/HSC024 LO 1.1 Aii Identify signs and symptoms of the different types of abuse. UNIT 205/HSC024 LO 1.1 Physical abuse: Is where a deliberate use of physical forces that results in bodily injury pain or impairment, this included the inappropriate application of techniques or treatments. Signs/symptoms: Injuries that have not received medical attention, frequent or regular fallsRead MoreIdentify Two Reports on Serious Failures to Protect Individuals from Abuse644 Words   |  3 PagesUNIT 205 STACEY-LEIGH COTSFORD RESEARCH AND ACCOUNT TASK B IDENTIFY TWO REPORTS ON SERIOUS FAILURES TO PROTECT INDIVIDUALS FROM ABUSE. Abuse can happen anywhere anytime, but especially to vulnerable people, ie Children, elderly people, people with disabilities, people with learning difficulties. It can even happen in places people should be safe, ie hospitals, residential/ nursing homesRead MoreEssay on Unit LD 205 Principles Of Positive Risk725 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Unit LD 205 Principles of positive risk taking for individuals with disabilities Outcome 1 Know the importance of risk taking in everyday life for individuals with disabilities 1.1- identify aspects of everyday life in which risk plays a part Risk Taking: individual; social; organisational; environmental 1.2- identify aspects of everyday life in which, traditionally, individuals with disabilities were not encouraged to take risks Traditional lack of encouragement: risks in everyday life; traditionalRead MoreDiploma in Management1987 Words   |  8 Pagesquantities of cleaning chemicals. These are delivered in 205 litre drums and include solvents, acids and other corrosives, and detergents. These products are decanted by ABC Chemicals’ workers into retail size containers (not exceeding 30 litres/ kilograms), re-labelled and shipped in company-badged delivery vehicles to retail outlets throughout the metropolitan area. There is, within 25 metres of ABC Chemicals, a local nursing home that cares for elderly residents with age-related conditions includingRead MoreUNIT 4222 2051390 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿UNIT 4222-205 PRINCIPLES OF SAFEGUARDING AND PROTECTION IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE (HSC 024) Outcome 1 Know how to recognize signs of abuse 1.1 The types of abuse can be: Physical: is non-accidental use of force against any person that results in physical pain, injury, impairment or confinement. Signs of physical abuse are, injuries that are consistent with physical abuse, present of several injuries of a variety of ages, Injuries that have not received medical attention, a person being taken toRead MoreEssay on Scotts Miracle-Gro Case Solution1363 Words   |  6 PagesScotts Miracle-Gro Date: July 23, 2013 Scotts Miracle-Gro is the largest company in the North American lawn and garden industry. It is also the world’s leading supplier and marketers of consumer products for do it yourself lawn and garden care, including products for professional horticulture. This paper is mainly centered on two decisions which include either to make and or buy. In other words whether Scotts Miracle-Gro should keep manufacturing in Temecula located in California, outsourceRead MoreEssay, Term Paper, or Research Paper5605 Words   |  23 PagesLevel 2 Diploma in Health and Social Care (Adults) for England (4222-21) Candidate logbook 501/1306/9 Mandatory Units All pathways www.cityandguilds.com June 2011 Version 1.0 August 2012 Version 1.1 About City Guilds As the UK’s leading vocational education organisation, City Guilds is leading the talent revolution by inspiring people to unlock their potential and develop their skills. We offer over 500 qualifications across 28 industries through 8500 centres worldwide and award around twoRead MoreChristopher Columbus, Andrew Jackson, And President Van Buren1397 Words   |  6 Pagescivilized and remember where they came from and that what they were taking away from the Indians is exactly what they had fought for. Whenever Jackson was elected president, he implemented laws that â€Å"did away with the tribe as a legal unit† and made them â€Å"subject to militia duty and state taxes,† yet it â€Å"denied them the right to vote† (Zinn, p. 133). How horrible that he would force the Indians to behave like the White settlers, yet he would not provide to them the same rights. Not all of the settlersRead MorePolice Discretion1548 Words   |  7 Pageswarrant for unpaid parking tickets. In some jurisdictions the officer will be given the choice of detaining the individual or simply letting him know that he needs to take care of his tickets as soon as possible. This is done so that an officer will not get tied up dealing with a minor violation and allows him to continue his duties. A police officer assigned to enforcing traffic laws that evening sees a motorist traveling above the speed limit. The officer may allow the motorist to get by on a warningRead MoreRoles and Responsibilities of Public Policing vs. Private Security1652 Words   |  7 Pagesthe people. The beginnings form of law enforcement was the frankpledge system (1066-1300 AD) 10 tithing’s (10 village security groups) were organized into a hundred, supervised by a constable whom the local nobility appointed. The primary duty of the constable was to quartermaster the equipment of the hundred and raise forces quickly. Ten hundreds were further organized into a shire, supervised by a shire-reeve. Today the shire-reeve is pronounced Sheriff. (Adenauer 2005) The frankpledge

Looking Ahead At Technology And Changes With The Hotel Industry Coursework

Essays on Looking Ahead At Technology And Changes With The Hotel Industry Coursework Technology and Changes in the Hotel Industry Affiliation: Technology and Changes in the Hotel Industry The hospitality business is guided by the needs of their customer and hence with the latest digitization of the human race, the industry must digitize. Guests are demanding better standards and latest technologies as days go by.Most guests want high-speed internet connections, and this makes them very choosy on the kind of hotel to go to. All hotels with no Wi-Fi connection are running out of business, and the situation could even get worse they fail to digitize (Seth Bhat, 2008). The limitation of the number of device entries per room is being eliminated since most customers have over three devices. Architectural Excellency has always been a matter of concern to most visitors (Information Resources Management Association Khosrow-Pour, 2002). The field has not been left behind and has also developed technologically. On normal occasions, a visitor will prefer to go to a hotel with better architecture and hence there is a need for the hospitality sector to keep up with the latest architecture.Latest technologies allow for automation of many services, and research has shown that most customers prefer automated services, and it would dictate which hotel to go to. Therefore, hospitality centers should focus on digitizing their services in order to keep  existing clients and fascinate  new clients (Information Resources Management Association Khosrow-Pour, 2002). From my research, I learnt that the hospitality industry is focused on comfort. All technology advancements have a comfort element in them, and hence, it is mandatory that hospitality centers keep advancing. Having the latest technologies such as superfast Wi-Fi networks or the best architecture makes the hotel a better home than the visitor’s home, and this prompts them to coming back again (Seth Bhat, 2008). In the course of my study and career I will create emphasis on technology since ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s an important factor in the industry. In conclusion, the hotel industry may end up making losses if it fails to keep adjusting to the latest technologies. On the other hand, the business will flourish more with alignment to technology.ReferencesInformation Resources Management Association., Khosrow-Pour, M. (2002). Issues trends of information technology management in contemporary organizations. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing.Seth, P. N., Bhat, S. S. (2008). Successful tourism management. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers.

Echr Free Essays

string(36) " aimed at restricting the press, e\." The Right to Freedom of Expression and Religion This chapter includes two rights: a) the freedom of opinion and expression and b) the freedom of conscience and religion. Although these are two distinctive rights, they are in the same group as they both entail essential conditions for individual personal development. These rights are juxtaposed because freedom of expression is a quintessential aspect of the freedom to hold, practice and share one’s religious beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on Echr or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is important to note, however, that the freedom of expression is subject to more restrictions than the freedom of religion. A. The right to freedom of opinion and expression The freedom of expression is a right without which other rights are difficult to acquire and defend. The right to freedom of expression is rooted in the 17th century struggle of European legislators for freedom of speech. The world has seen a continuing struggle for the freedom of expression, including the freedom of speech and freedom of the press, often going hand in hand with the endeavour to limit the power of governments. The freedom of expression can be considered an essential aspect of the individual’s defence against government, just as the suppression of the freedom of expression is essential to tyranny. Human rights defenders also rely heavily on this right to challenge government indifference to or infliction of human rights abuses. As freedom of expression is a foundation for religious and political activities, it is often exercised in concert with the right to freedom of thought and assembly. Under present international Conventions, state obligations in relation to freedom of expression are absolute and immediate. At the same time, as with other forms of liberty, completely unrestricted freedom of expression may lead to the infringement on the rights of others. The freedom of expression has been hedged in by a number of limitations and restrictions, often more extensively than other rights. Historically, most limitations have dealt with the expression of sentiments contrary to prevailing institutions or religious, political or other beliefs. In addition, in times of war, governments often restrict the freedom of expression in the interest of national security. Like in the US Supreme Court decided in the Schenk vs. United States- case. As a cornerstone of democracy, the complexity and importance of freedom of expression has lead to extensive case-law before national courts and international supervisory mechanisms. Standards International human rights law recognises a spectrum of expression, ranging from those forms that must be protected to those that must be punished. Article 19 of both the UDHR and the ICCPR establish the freedom of opinion and expression. Article 19 UDHR stipulates: ‘everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. ’ The regional Conventions also contain provisions regarding the freedom of expression: Article 10 ECHR, Article 13 ACHR and Article 9 ACHPR. The freedom of expression and opinion is a complex right that includes the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through any media. The exercise of this right ‘carries with it special duties and responsibilities’ (see Article 19 ICCPR and Article 10 ECHR). Therefore, in general, certain restrictions or limitations on the freedom of expression are permitted under human rights law. Thus, Article 20(2) of the ICCPR requires states parties to prohibit ‘advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence. ’ CERD also requires states parties to prohibit certain hostile expressions. Article 19 ICCPR stipulates that these limitations ‘shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary: a) for respect of the rights or reputations of others; b) for the protection of national security or public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals’. In addition, Article 10 ECHR explicitly gives the state broad discretion in licensing of the media. In the Inter-American system, the Inter-American Court has dealt with freedom of expression in Advisory Opinion No. 5 on ‘Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism’. A strong correlation between freedom of expression and the right to gain access to information in order to form and express opinions has been recognised in the Inter-American System. In June, 2006, the OAS General Assembly adopted a Resolution that ‘urge[d] the States to respect and promote respect for everyone’s access to public information and to promote the adoption of any necessary legislative or other types of provisions to ensure its recognition and effective application. ’ In the African system, the ‘Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa’ was adopted by the African Commission in 2002. It stresses the ‘fundamental importance of freedom of expression as an individual human right, as a cornerstone of democracy and as a means of ensuring respect for all human rights and freedoms’. The Danish Cartoon Controversy What has become known as the Danish cartoon controversy exemplifies the precarious balance between freedom of expression and the repression of expression. In 2006 a Danish newspaper published a series of cartoons depicting the prophet Mohammed as a possible terrorist, in one instance with a bomb in his turban. Many Muslims were outraged because depictions of Mohammed are prohibited in the majority of Muslim communities and likening Muslims to terrorists could incite discrimination and prejudice. Other factions upheld the right of the paper to publish the cartoons as a freedom of expression issue. The Danish cartoon incident sparked mass demonstrations throughout the world resulting in death and extensive damage of property in addition to sparking a fiery debate on international law, freedom of expression and permissible limitations of this right. * Supervision The freedom of expression is reduced by possible limitations under several international standards mentioned above. Moreover, freedom of expression and its internationally accepted limitations can be distorted by government initiatives through propaganda, control of the media and various other measures aimed at restricting the press, e. You read "Echr" in category "Essay examples" g. , licensing requirements, economic measures or restrictions on access to information. The right to freedom of expression has engendered a substantial body of case-law, in which both the right itself as well its limitations have been further defined. Under the auspices of the European system, the European Court has stated that freedom of expression:  Ã‚   [C]onstitutes one of the essential foundations of such a (democratic) society, one of the basic working conditions for its progress and for the development of every man. [†¦ ] It is applicable not only to ‘information’ or ‘ideas’ that are favourably received or regarded as inoffensive or as a matter of indifference, but also to those that offend, shock or disturb the State or any sector of the population. Such are the demands of that pluralism, tolerance and broadmindedness without which there is no ‘democratic society’ (Handyside v. The United Kingdom). Many cases have been brought before the former European Commission and the Court regarding the freedom of expression; several deal with the rights of journalists to freedom of expression. Case law zoeken!!! In the Chorherr judgment of August 1993 the Court dealt with an application concerning the applicant’s arrest, detention and conviction for breach of the peace after he had refused to stop distributing leaflets and exhibiting placards at a military parade. The Court held that the interfer- ence was â€Å"prescribed by law† and that there were legitimate grounds based on Article 10  §2 (prevention of disorder) for regarding the interfer- ence as â€Å"necessary in a democratic society†. The Court has established that, according to the protection granted by the American Convention, the right to freedom of thought and expression includes ‘not only the right and freedom to express one’s own thoughts, but also the right and freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds’ (Lopez Alvarez et al. . Honduras). On this note the Court has held that the state has a positive obligation to ensure that laws and regulations governing restrictions to access to state-held information comply with the Convention’s parameters and restrictions may only be applied for the reasons allowed by the Convention; this also relates to the decisions on this issue adopted by domestic bodies (Claudio Rey es et al. v. Chile). In the African system, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights has addressed the right to freedom of expression in diverse realms. It has, inter alia, found the detention of members of opposition parties and trade unions under legislation outlawing all political opposition during a state of emergency a violation of the freedom of expression; it has found that the failure of a state to investigate attacks against journalists violates their right to express and disseminate information and opinions and also violates the public’s right to receive such information and opinions (Sir Dawda K. Jawara v. The Gambia, Communications 147/95 and 149/96). The Commission has held that state harassment with the aim of disrupting legitimate activities of an organisation that informs and educates people about their rights constitutes a clear violation of the right to freedom of expression. Recognising the importance of freedom of expression, international fora and national governments have sought to promote additional standards to protect particular elements of this right. Several governments have enacted legislation to improve access to information; to provide adequate access to media; to protect employees from reprisals for disclosing illegal activities of their employers; and to provide data protection so that individuals have access to their personal files held by public authorities and to ensure that such information is withheld from all persons not expressly entitled to it. International organisations have addressed the implementation and supervision of the right to freedom of expression by, for instance, appointing experts on the issue. B. The right to freedom of conscience and religion The guarantees of freedom of conscience and religion are closely related to other substantive rights. For instance, the rights to freedom of expression, assembly and association are fundamental to holding religious beliefs and practising one’s religion. Thoughts and views are intangible before they have been expressed, and convictions are valuable for a person only if he or she can express them. The private freedom of thought and religion is an absolute right that does not permit any limitation. The guarantee of the value of freedom of thought and religion implies that one cannot be subjected to treatment intended to change one’s process of thinking, be forced to express thoughts, to change opinion, or to divulge a religious conviction; thus, the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion, belief and opinion is closely associated with the right to privacy. No sanction may be imposed for holding any view, or for changing religion or conviction; and the freedom of thought and religion protects against indoctrination by the state. The public aspect of the freedom, the right to manifest one’s belief in worship, observance, practice or teaching, is subject to limitations and defining the meaning of the freedom is complex; for instance, may refusal to serve in the military or pay taxes be justified on grounds of religion? Many states include guarantees for the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion and belief in their constitutional traditions; in laws and regulations provisions are incorporated to prevent and punish interference with legitimate manifestations of religion or belief. Nevertheless, violations of the principles of non-discrimination and tolerance in the area of religion or belief are extensive; millions of people enjoy the freedom of thought, conscience, religion and belief only to a limited extent. Most human rights Conventions do not allow governments to impose as many limitations on freedom of religion as on comparable rights such as freedom of assembly and freedom of expression. In the last decades increasing political attention has been given to the freedom of religion, notably in Europe, in the light of religious intolerance. 1. STANDARDS One of the first standards for protection against religious intolerance was the founding document of the Republic of the United Netherlands, the Union of Utrecht from 1579, which stipulated that no one will be persecuted because of his religion. With the founding of the United Nations, protection against religious intolerance found its way into modern international standard setting. All regional Conventions contain provisions regarding the freedom of thought and religion: Article 9 ECHR defines the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion in the same words as Article 18 ICCPR. The First Protocol to the ECHR includes a provision ensuring education and teaching in conformity with the parents’ religious and philosophical convictions. Supervision The international supervisory bodies have dealt with a number of communications regarding violations of the freedom of thought and religion. The Human Rights Committee has dealt with several individual communications regarding freedom of thought and religion. For instance, the Committee has found forbidding prisoners wearing a beard and worshipping at religious services and taking away their prayer books a violation of this right. The Committee affirms that: ‘[T]he freedom to manifest religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching encompasses a broad range of acts and that the concept of worship extends to ritual and ceremonial acts giving expression to belief, as well as various practices integral to such acts’ (Boodoo v. Trinidad and Tobago). The Committee has, however, found that requiring a Sikh who wears a turban in daily life to wear a safety-helmet at work does not violate his right to religious freedom (Singh Bhinder v. Canada). Similarly, the European Court of Human Rights held that refusing a Muslim medical student entry into classes and examinations in accordance with a school ban on head scarves upheld the principles of secularism and equality between men and women and was necessary in a democratic society (Leyla Sahin v. Turkey). In recent years the Committee has departed from its previous jurisprudence, stating that conscientious objection to military service can be derived from Article 18 ICCPR (General Comment 22). In this General Comment, the Committee, inter alia, ‘views with concern any tendency to discriminate against any religion or belief for any reasons, including the fact that they are newly established, or represent religious minorities that may be the subject of hostility by a predominant religious community’. The Committee states, inter alia, that Article 18(2) bars coercion that would impair the right to retain one’s religion or belief, including threats of violence and that designated state religions may not serve as justifications of violations of the right to freedom of religion. The ‘Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief’ stipulates that all states must take effective measures to prevent and eliminate discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief. Within the regional systems several cases regarding freedom of thought and religion have been brought before the supervisory mechanisms. The European Court of Human Rights has decided numerous cases regarding the right to freedom of conscience and religion, many of which have dealt with the freedom of religion in Greece. Article 9 protects non-religious beliefs; the Court has said that the values of the article are the foundation of a democratic society: ‘It is, in its religious dimension, one of the most vital elements that go to make up the identity of believers and their conception of life, but is also a precious asset for theists, agnostics, sceptics and the unconcerned’ (Kokkinakis v. Greece). Further to indoctrination, the Court has made a distinction between ‘improper proseltysm’ and ‘bearing witness to Christianity’, the former possibly entailing brainwashing or violence (Kokkinakis v. Greece). Finally, in a controversial communication r egarding assisted suicide, it was stated that freedom of thought under Article 8, that had hitherto included beliefs such as veganism and pacifism, could be applied to the applicant’s belief in and support for the notion of assisted suicide for herself. This was rejected by the Court as her claims did not involve a form of manifestation of a religion or belief, through worship, teaching, practice or observance as described in the ICCPR (Pretty v. The United Kingdom), citing, inter alia, a case where the European Commission had found that not all acts which are motivated by religion or belief constitute ‘religious practice’ (Arrowsmith v. The United Kingdom). In regard to the right to freedom of conscience and religion under the Inter- American system, the Commission has ruled on a number of cases concerning Jehovah’s witnesses and legitimate limitations of the right. The Commission has found that prosecuting members of that religion for refusing to swear oaths of allegiance, recognise the state and its symbols and to serve in the military is a violation of the right (Jehovah’s Witnesses v. Argentina (Case 2137)). Case of Plan de Sanchez Massacre v. Guatemala (Series C No. 105)). The African Commission has also dealt with the freedom of religion; it has, for instance, found harassment of Jehovah’s witnesses and religious leaders, assassinations and death threats aimed at them and destruction of religious structures in violation of the right (Free Legal Assistance Group, Lawyers’ Committee for Human Rights, Union Interafricaine des Droits de l’Homme, Les Temoins de Jehovah v. Zaire, Communications 25/89, 47/90, 56/91, 100/93). It has also stipulated that the expulsion of political activists was denying them, inter alia, the right to freedom of conscience in violation of Article 8 ACPHR (Amnesty International v. Zambia, Communication 212/98). How to cite Echr, Essay examples

Father Of Internet Technology Essay Example For Students

Father Of Internet Technology Essay Evaluation of Craig Brockmans Assignment by Eric Becker (05/22 05:40 PM) Grade: ACraig H. BrockmanInstructor: Eric BeckerCollege Writing9 May 2000Dr. Leonard Kleinrock:Father of Internet TechnologyMost every work of human progress has carried within it the signature of one or more individuals who saw beyond the horizon, challenged convention and then, in ways large and small, forever changed our world. Some of these signatures, like Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone and Thomas Edison, whose many patents include both the electric light bulb, the microphone and record player, are easily identifiable. But what about a work of human progress so complex and far-reaching that its very origins might seem untraceable? Indeed, what about the Internet? There are, of course, many individuals who have contributed to the rise and globalization of the Internet a network of networks, connecting all parts of the world electronically Yet one name stands out: Dr. Leonard Kleinrock, kn own to many as The Father of Internet Technology. It was his theory of packet-switching that led the United States government and a team of nearly 40 researchers to develop what would eventually be the worldwide communications system that is today so much a part of our lives.The Internet, what exactly is it, and where did it come from?Definitions of the Internet are varied and can be truly complicated for the common layman to understand. In its most simple form, the Internet is defined in the publication The Internet, as the Internet is the biggest computer system in the world. It is an enormous network of networks that spans the globe continuously evolving and redefining itself (Cooper 8). However, there is an official definition of the Internet by the United States government. The governing body of the Internet is called The Federal Networking Council (FNC). And on October 24, 1995 the FNC defined the Internet as a global information system that (i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons;(ii) is able to support communications using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and(iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described herein. (FNC) The start of the InternetDevelopment of the Advanced Research Projects Agency network (ARPAnet) started in the 1950s during the Eisenhower administration. ARPAnet was the answer to the Soviet Unions launching of Sputnik. The United States military needed a way to communicate around the military network safely and securely. They (Department of Defense) came up with a system which sent information broken down into packets of data (Cooper 12). Since the ARPAnet was a network, the question of networking would surely arise. As pointed out in a compilation edited by Brian Cooper, network is defined as a pair of computers linked together by cable so that they can share information, hardware (such as printers), and programs (12). Who is Dr. Kleinrock?Leonard Kleinrock had a very humble beginning. Born June 13, 1934 in the Borough of Manhattan in New York City. At the age of six, Leonard Kleinrock was reading a Superman comic book at his familys apartment in Manhattan, when, in the centerfold, he found plans for building a crystal radio. To do so, he needed his fathers used razor blade, a piece of pencil lead, an empty toilet paper roll, and some wire. He needed an earphone, which he promptly appropriated from a public telephone booth. The one remaining part required was something called a variable capacitor. For this, young Leonard convinced his mother to take him on the subway down to Canal Street, the center for radio electronics. In one of the stores, he asked the clerk for a variable capacitor. After some debate about the size, which forced the six-year old to confess his inexperience, the clerk sold him just what he needed. When free music came through the earphones-without batteries, without power-an engineer was born (Segaller 32). Imagine two students, one depressed and one not, w EssayTodays InternetIn the early 1980s the American military split away from ARPAnet, leaving what became known as the Internet (Cooper 12). ARPAnet was the actual beginning of the World Wide Web and the Internet. Due to its now capitalist commercial scheme of the Internet, it is ironic that the development and unforeseen improvement of the world-wide economy came as a response from the United States government to the Soviet Unions because of the launching of a rocket that carried a dog into space. The Internet has become a common place in our society. It is as common as the telephone or the automobile. The simple ease of communicating with strangers across the world in a matter of seconds, that once took weeks by regular mail. Even shopping on the Internet from the comfort of our own homes is an everyday occurrence. These are things that we shouldnt take for granted, and these are things that we can now thank the inventors, personally through another invention of theirs, Electronic Mail (e-mail). Dr. Kleinrock: The Father of Internet TechnologySimply put, without the most important contribution of packet switching by Dr. Kleinrock, the Internet would more than likely not exist today. Over the years there has been great advances in computer technology. This has been mostly accomplished by the partnership of other engineers throughout the world communicating with one another through the use of Internet. This type of communication would not have come without the ingenious theory of Dr. Kleinrocks theory. So one must ask oneself, If not for the immediate communication that the Internet gives us, would we (the world) be this technically advanced without the Internet? In literature that there is on the Internet, there is always a mention of Dr. Kleinrock. Our children and our childrens children will know of nothing less than the luxury of having the Internet available to them at anytime of day or night. The simple ease of communicating with strangers across the world in a matter of seconds, that once took weeks by regular mail. These are things that we shouldnt take for granted, and these are things that we can now thank the inventors, personally. I was able to contact Dr. Kleinrock. I wanted to inform him that I was doing a research thesis on his invention, using the same invention to relay this information. I would say this would be the equivalent of calling Mr. Bell on the phone, or even driving my car to Mr. Ford, and thanking them for their wonderful gifts to mankind. Dr. Kleinrock is one of many men that put in place this fabulous tool. One thing we must remember, as with all other tools of man, we should not abuse it or take it for granted. It was an honor for me to do this thesis and actually communicate with the Father of the Internet Technology. BibliographyWorks CitedCooper, Brian, ed. The Internet. New York. 1996: 8-12. Kleinrock, Leonard. Inventor of the Internet Technology. http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu. Segaller, Stephen. Nerds 2.0.1 A Brief History of the Internet. New York: TV Books, 1998: 32-69. United States. Federal Networking Council. FNC Resolution: Definition of Internet. October 24, 1995. Last accessed April 20, 2000. . University of California, Los Angeles. The Birth of the Internet. August 27, 1996. Last accessed April 27, 2000. Thesis and Dissertations