Essay on Unit 205 Duty of Care - 771 Words

Health and Social Care Assignment UNIT 5 - INTRODUCTION TO DUTY OF CARE IN HEALTH, SOCIAL CARE OR CHILDREN’S AND YOUNG PEOPLE’S SETTINGS ASSIGNMENT OVERVIEW In this assignment, you will demonstrate your understanding of what is meant by the term ‘duty of care’. You will consider the types of dilemma that you may arise in adult social care work, and find out where to get advice and support to handle these. You will look at how to respond to complaints, making sure you know and follow agreed procedures. TASKS There are three tasks to this assignment. TASK 1 2 3 TASK 1 1. Identify the following requirements when dealing with complaints. †¢ Legal EVIDENCE Short answer questions Letter Case studies OUTCOMES 3.1, 3.2 1.1, 1.2 2.1, 2.2 For†¦show more content†¦To point out to her that she can eat what she wants to eat but point out the medical points if she does eat that and encourage her to eat healthier things around that such as fresh fruit and vegetables. Where could you go to get advice, information and support to deal with the dilemma? You could seek advice from their nurse and/or their doctor 2 Health and Social Care Assignment Case Study Two Leon Quashie lives in supported housing. He has learning disabilities. You are his support worker. Leon tells you that he has a new friend who comes to his home and plays on his games console. A few days later you notice that the games console is missing. Leon tells you his new friend has borrowed it. Describe the difficulties for you in exercising your duty of care to Leon and upholding his rights. To make him understand that his friend probably hasnt borrowed his games console and might have stolen it. Explain to him that you cannot keep it a secret and will have to tell someone such as the police. Where could you go to get advice and support on how to ensure you uphold Leon’s rights but also follow your own duty of care? A consultation with a lawyer would be the best thing to do for advice and/or researching support groups online may also be helpful. 3 Health and Social Care Assignment I can confirm that the evidence listed for this unit is my own work andShow MoreRelatedQcf Level 32201 Words   |  9 PagesAssignment 204 Ai Describe in your own words what is meant by the following types of abuse: UNIT 205/HSC024 LO 1.1 Aii Identify signs and symptoms of the different types of abuse. UNIT 205/HSC024 LO 1.1 Physical abuse: Is where a deliberate use of physical forces that results in bodily injury pain or impairment, this included the inappropriate application of techniques or treatments. Signs/symptoms: Injuries that have not received medical attention, frequent or regular fallsRead MoreIdentify Two Reports on Serious Failures to Protect Individuals from Abuse644 Words   |  3 PagesUNIT 205 STACEY-LEIGH COTSFORD RESEARCH AND ACCOUNT TASK B IDENTIFY TWO REPORTS ON SERIOUS FAILURES TO PROTECT INDIVIDUALS FROM ABUSE. Abuse can happen anywhere anytime, but especially to vulnerable people, ie Children, elderly people, people with disabilities, people with learning difficulties. 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Looking Ahead At Technology And Changes With The Hotel Industry Coursework

Essays on Looking Ahead At Technology And Changes With The Hotel Industry Coursework Technology and Changes in the Hotel Industry Affiliation: Technology and Changes in the Hotel Industry The hospitality business is guided by the needs of their customer and hence with the latest digitization of the human race, the industry must digitize. Guests are demanding better standards and latest technologies as days go by.Most guests want high-speed internet connections, and this makes them very choosy on the kind of hotel to go to. All hotels with no Wi-Fi connection are running out of business, and the situation could even get worse they fail to digitize (Seth Bhat, 2008). The limitation of the number of device entries per room is being eliminated since most customers have over three devices. Architectural Excellency has always been a matter of concern to most visitors (Information Resources Management Association Khosrow-Pour, 2002). The field has not been left behind and has also developed technologically. On normal occasions, a visitor will prefer to go to a hotel with better architecture and hence there is a need for the hospitality sector to keep up with the latest architecture.Latest technologies allow for automation of many services, and research has shown that most customers prefer automated services, and it would dictate which hotel to go to. Therefore, hospitality centers should focus on digitizing their services in order to keep  existing clients and fascinate  new clients (Information Resources Management Association Khosrow-Pour, 2002). From my research, I learnt that the hospitality industry is focused on comfort. All technology advancements have a comfort element in them, and hence, it is mandatory that hospitality centers keep advancing. Having the latest technologies such as superfast Wi-Fi networks or the best architecture makes the hotel a better home than the visitor’s home, and this prompts them to coming back again (Seth Bhat, 2008). In the course of my study and career I will create emphasis on technology since ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s an important factor in the industry. In conclusion, the hotel industry may end up making losses if it fails to keep adjusting to the latest technologies. On the other hand, the business will flourish more with alignment to technology.ReferencesInformation Resources Management Association., Khosrow-Pour, M. (2002). Issues trends of information technology management in contemporary organizations. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing.Seth, P. N., Bhat, S. S. (2008). Successful tourism management. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers.

Echr Free Essays

string(36) " aimed at restricting the press, e\." The Right to Freedom of Expression and Religion This chapter includes two rights: a) the freedom of opinion and expression and b) the freedom of conscience and religion. Although these are two distinctive rights, they are in the same group as they both entail essential conditions for individual personal development. These rights are juxtaposed because freedom of expression is a quintessential aspect of the freedom to hold, practice and share one’s religious beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on Echr or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is important to note, however, that the freedom of expression is subject to more restrictions than the freedom of religion. A. The right to freedom of opinion and expression The freedom of expression is a right without which other rights are difficult to acquire and defend. The right to freedom of expression is rooted in the 17th century struggle of European legislators for freedom of speech. The world has seen a continuing struggle for the freedom of expression, including the freedom of speech and freedom of the press, often going hand in hand with the endeavour to limit the power of governments. The freedom of expression can be considered an essential aspect of the individual’s defence against government, just as the suppression of the freedom of expression is essential to tyranny. Human rights defenders also rely heavily on this right to challenge government indifference to or infliction of human rights abuses. As freedom of expression is a foundation for religious and political activities, it is often exercised in concert with the right to freedom of thought and assembly. Under present international Conventions, state obligations in relation to freedom of expression are absolute and immediate. At the same time, as with other forms of liberty, completely unrestricted freedom of expression may lead to the infringement on the rights of others. The freedom of expression has been hedged in by a number of limitations and restrictions, often more extensively than other rights. Historically, most limitations have dealt with the expression of sentiments contrary to prevailing institutions or religious, political or other beliefs. In addition, in times of war, governments often restrict the freedom of expression in the interest of national security. Like in the US Supreme Court decided in the Schenk vs. United States- case. As a cornerstone of democracy, the complexity and importance of freedom of expression has lead to extensive case-law before national courts and international supervisory mechanisms. Standards International human rights law recognises a spectrum of expression, ranging from those forms that must be protected to those that must be punished. Article 19 of both the UDHR and the ICCPR establish the freedom of opinion and expression. Article 19 UDHR stipulates: ‘everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. ’ The regional Conventions also contain provisions regarding the freedom of expression: Article 10 ECHR, Article 13 ACHR and Article 9 ACHPR. The freedom of expression and opinion is a complex right that includes the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through any media. The exercise of this right ‘carries with it special duties and responsibilities’ (see Article 19 ICCPR and Article 10 ECHR). Therefore, in general, certain restrictions or limitations on the freedom of expression are permitted under human rights law. Thus, Article 20(2) of the ICCPR requires states parties to prohibit ‘advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence. ’ CERD also requires states parties to prohibit certain hostile expressions. Article 19 ICCPR stipulates that these limitations ‘shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary: a) for respect of the rights or reputations of others; b) for the protection of national security or public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals’. In addition, Article 10 ECHR explicitly gives the state broad discretion in licensing of the media. In the Inter-American system, the Inter-American Court has dealt with freedom of expression in Advisory Opinion No. 5 on ‘Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism’. A strong correlation between freedom of expression and the right to gain access to information in order to form and express opinions has been recognised in the Inter-American System. In June, 2006, the OAS General Assembly adopted a Resolution that ‘urge[d] the States to respect and promote respect for everyone’s access to public information and to promote the adoption of any necessary legislative or other types of provisions to ensure its recognition and effective application. ’ In the African system, the ‘Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa’ was adopted by the African Commission in 2002. It stresses the ‘fundamental importance of freedom of expression as an individual human right, as a cornerstone of democracy and as a means of ensuring respect for all human rights and freedoms’. The Danish Cartoon Controversy What has become known as the Danish cartoon controversy exemplifies the precarious balance between freedom of expression and the repression of expression. In 2006 a Danish newspaper published a series of cartoons depicting the prophet Mohammed as a possible terrorist, in one instance with a bomb in his turban. Many Muslims were outraged because depictions of Mohammed are prohibited in the majority of Muslim communities and likening Muslims to terrorists could incite discrimination and prejudice. Other factions upheld the right of the paper to publish the cartoons as a freedom of expression issue. The Danish cartoon incident sparked mass demonstrations throughout the world resulting in death and extensive damage of property in addition to sparking a fiery debate on international law, freedom of expression and permissible limitations of this right. * Supervision The freedom of expression is reduced by possible limitations under several international standards mentioned above. Moreover, freedom of expression and its internationally accepted limitations can be distorted by government initiatives through propaganda, control of the media and various other measures aimed at restricting the press, e. You read "Echr" in category "Essay examples" g. , licensing requirements, economic measures or restrictions on access to information. The right to freedom of expression has engendered a substantial body of case-law, in which both the right itself as well its limitations have been further defined. Under the auspices of the European system, the European Court has stated that freedom of expression:  Ã‚   [C]onstitutes one of the essential foundations of such a (democratic) society, one of the basic working conditions for its progress and for the development of every man. [†¦ ] It is applicable not only to ‘information’ or ‘ideas’ that are favourably received or regarded as inoffensive or as a matter of indifference, but also to those that offend, shock or disturb the State or any sector of the population. Such are the demands of that pluralism, tolerance and broadmindedness without which there is no ‘democratic society’ (Handyside v. The United Kingdom). Many cases have been brought before the former European Commission and the Court regarding the freedom of expression; several deal with the rights of journalists to freedom of expression. Case law zoeken!!! In the Chorherr judgment of August 1993 the Court dealt with an application concerning the applicant’s arrest, detention and conviction for breach of the peace after he had refused to stop distributing leaflets and exhibiting placards at a military parade. The Court held that the interfer- ence was â€Å"prescribed by law† and that there were legitimate grounds based on Article 10  §2 (prevention of disorder) for regarding the interfer- ence as â€Å"necessary in a democratic society†. The Court has established that, according to the protection granted by the American Convention, the right to freedom of thought and expression includes ‘not only the right and freedom to express one’s own thoughts, but also the right and freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds’ (Lopez Alvarez et al. . Honduras). On this note the Court has held that the state has a positive obligation to ensure that laws and regulations governing restrictions to access to state-held information comply with the Convention’s parameters and restrictions may only be applied for the reasons allowed by the Convention; this also relates to the decisions on this issue adopted by domestic bodies (Claudio Rey es et al. v. Chile). In the African system, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights has addressed the right to freedom of expression in diverse realms. It has, inter alia, found the detention of members of opposition parties and trade unions under legislation outlawing all political opposition during a state of emergency a violation of the freedom of expression; it has found that the failure of a state to investigate attacks against journalists violates their right to express and disseminate information and opinions and also violates the public’s right to receive such information and opinions (Sir Dawda K. Jawara v. The Gambia, Communications 147/95 and 149/96). The Commission has held that state harassment with the aim of disrupting legitimate activities of an organisation that informs and educates people about their rights constitutes a clear violation of the right to freedom of expression. Recognising the importance of freedom of expression, international fora and national governments have sought to promote additional standards to protect particular elements of this right. Several governments have enacted legislation to improve access to information; to provide adequate access to media; to protect employees from reprisals for disclosing illegal activities of their employers; and to provide data protection so that individuals have access to their personal files held by public authorities and to ensure that such information is withheld from all persons not expressly entitled to it. International organisations have addressed the implementation and supervision of the right to freedom of expression by, for instance, appointing experts on the issue. B. The right to freedom of conscience and religion The guarantees of freedom of conscience and religion are closely related to other substantive rights. For instance, the rights to freedom of expression, assembly and association are fundamental to holding religious beliefs and practising one’s religion. Thoughts and views are intangible before they have been expressed, and convictions are valuable for a person only if he or she can express them. The private freedom of thought and religion is an absolute right that does not permit any limitation. The guarantee of the value of freedom of thought and religion implies that one cannot be subjected to treatment intended to change one’s process of thinking, be forced to express thoughts, to change opinion, or to divulge a religious conviction; thus, the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion, belief and opinion is closely associated with the right to privacy. No sanction may be imposed for holding any view, or for changing religion or conviction; and the freedom of thought and religion protects against indoctrination by the state. The public aspect of the freedom, the right to manifest one’s belief in worship, observance, practice or teaching, is subject to limitations and defining the meaning of the freedom is complex; for instance, may refusal to serve in the military or pay taxes be justified on grounds of religion? Many states include guarantees for the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion and belief in their constitutional traditions; in laws and regulations provisions are incorporated to prevent and punish interference with legitimate manifestations of religion or belief. Nevertheless, violations of the principles of non-discrimination and tolerance in the area of religion or belief are extensive; millions of people enjoy the freedom of thought, conscience, religion and belief only to a limited extent. Most human rights Conventions do not allow governments to impose as many limitations on freedom of religion as on comparable rights such as freedom of assembly and freedom of expression. In the last decades increasing political attention has been given to the freedom of religion, notably in Europe, in the light of religious intolerance. 1. STANDARDS One of the first standards for protection against religious intolerance was the founding document of the Republic of the United Netherlands, the Union of Utrecht from 1579, which stipulated that no one will be persecuted because of his religion. With the founding of the United Nations, protection against religious intolerance found its way into modern international standard setting. All regional Conventions contain provisions regarding the freedom of thought and religion: Article 9 ECHR defines the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion in the same words as Article 18 ICCPR. The First Protocol to the ECHR includes a provision ensuring education and teaching in conformity with the parents’ religious and philosophical convictions. Supervision The international supervisory bodies have dealt with a number of communications regarding violations of the freedom of thought and religion. The Human Rights Committee has dealt with several individual communications regarding freedom of thought and religion. For instance, the Committee has found forbidding prisoners wearing a beard and worshipping at religious services and taking away their prayer books a violation of this right. The Committee affirms that: ‘[T]he freedom to manifest religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching encompasses a broad range of acts and that the concept of worship extends to ritual and ceremonial acts giving expression to belief, as well as various practices integral to such acts’ (Boodoo v. Trinidad and Tobago). The Committee has, however, found that requiring a Sikh who wears a turban in daily life to wear a safety-helmet at work does not violate his right to religious freedom (Singh Bhinder v. Canada). Similarly, the European Court of Human Rights held that refusing a Muslim medical student entry into classes and examinations in accordance with a school ban on head scarves upheld the principles of secularism and equality between men and women and was necessary in a democratic society (Leyla Sahin v. Turkey). In recent years the Committee has departed from its previous jurisprudence, stating that conscientious objection to military service can be derived from Article 18 ICCPR (General Comment 22). In this General Comment, the Committee, inter alia, ‘views with concern any tendency to discriminate against any religion or belief for any reasons, including the fact that they are newly established, or represent religious minorities that may be the subject of hostility by a predominant religious community’. The Committee states, inter alia, that Article 18(2) bars coercion that would impair the right to retain one’s religion or belief, including threats of violence and that designated state religions may not serve as justifications of violations of the right to freedom of religion. The ‘Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief’ stipulates that all states must take effective measures to prevent and eliminate discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief. Within the regional systems several cases regarding freedom of thought and religion have been brought before the supervisory mechanisms. The European Court of Human Rights has decided numerous cases regarding the right to freedom of conscience and religion, many of which have dealt with the freedom of religion in Greece. Article 9 protects non-religious beliefs; the Court has said that the values of the article are the foundation of a democratic society: ‘It is, in its religious dimension, one of the most vital elements that go to make up the identity of believers and their conception of life, but is also a precious asset for theists, agnostics, sceptics and the unconcerned’ (Kokkinakis v. Greece). Further to indoctrination, the Court has made a distinction between ‘improper proseltysm’ and ‘bearing witness to Christianity’, the former possibly entailing brainwashing or violence (Kokkinakis v. Greece). Finally, in a controversial communication r egarding assisted suicide, it was stated that freedom of thought under Article 8, that had hitherto included beliefs such as veganism and pacifism, could be applied to the applicant’s belief in and support for the notion of assisted suicide for herself. This was rejected by the Court as her claims did not involve a form of manifestation of a religion or belief, through worship, teaching, practice or observance as described in the ICCPR (Pretty v. The United Kingdom), citing, inter alia, a case where the European Commission had found that not all acts which are motivated by religion or belief constitute ‘religious practice’ (Arrowsmith v. The United Kingdom). In regard to the right to freedom of conscience and religion under the Inter- American system, the Commission has ruled on a number of cases concerning Jehovah’s witnesses and legitimate limitations of the right. The Commission has found that prosecuting members of that religion for refusing to swear oaths of allegiance, recognise the state and its symbols and to serve in the military is a violation of the right (Jehovah’s Witnesses v. Argentina (Case 2137)). Case of Plan de Sanchez Massacre v. Guatemala (Series C No. 105)). The African Commission has also dealt with the freedom of religion; it has, for instance, found harassment of Jehovah’s witnesses and religious leaders, assassinations and death threats aimed at them and destruction of religious structures in violation of the right (Free Legal Assistance Group, Lawyers’ Committee for Human Rights, Union Interafricaine des Droits de l’Homme, Les Temoins de Jehovah v. Zaire, Communications 25/89, 47/90, 56/91, 100/93). It has also stipulated that the expulsion of political activists was denying them, inter alia, the right to freedom of conscience in violation of Article 8 ACPHR (Amnesty International v. Zambia, Communication 212/98). How to cite Echr, Essay examples

Father Of Internet Technology Essay Example For Students

Father Of Internet Technology Essay Evaluation of Craig Brockmans Assignment by Eric Becker (05/22 05:40 PM) Grade: ACraig H. BrockmanInstructor: Eric BeckerCollege Writing9 May 2000Dr. Leonard Kleinrock:Father of Internet TechnologyMost every work of human progress has carried within it the signature of one or more individuals who saw beyond the horizon, challenged convention and then, in ways large and small, forever changed our world. Some of these signatures, like Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone and Thomas Edison, whose many patents include both the electric light bulb, the microphone and record player, are easily identifiable. But what about a work of human progress so complex and far-reaching that its very origins might seem untraceable? Indeed, what about the Internet? There are, of course, many individuals who have contributed to the rise and globalization of the Internet a network of networks, connecting all parts of the world electronically Yet one name stands out: Dr. Leonard Kleinrock, kn own to many as The Father of Internet Technology. It was his theory of packet-switching that led the United States government and a team of nearly 40 researchers to develop what would eventually be the worldwide communications system that is today so much a part of our lives.The Internet, what exactly is it, and where did it come from?Definitions of the Internet are varied and can be truly complicated for the common layman to understand. In its most simple form, the Internet is defined in the publication The Internet, as the Internet is the biggest computer system in the world. It is an enormous network of networks that spans the globe continuously evolving and redefining itself (Cooper 8). However, there is an official definition of the Internet by the United States government. The governing body of the Internet is called The Federal Networking Council (FNC). And on October 24, 1995 the FNC defined the Internet as a global information system that (i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons;(ii) is able to support communications using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and(iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described herein. (FNC) The start of the InternetDevelopment of the Advanced Research Projects Agency network (ARPAnet) started in the 1950s during the Eisenhower administration. ARPAnet was the answer to the Soviet Unions launching of Sputnik. The United States military needed a way to communicate around the military network safely and securely. They (Department of Defense) came up with a system which sent information broken down into packets of data (Cooper 12). Since the ARPAnet was a network, the question of networking would surely arise. As pointed out in a compilation edited by Brian Cooper, network is defined as a pair of computers linked together by cable so that they can share information, hardware (such as printers), and programs (12). Who is Dr. Kleinrock?Leonard Kleinrock had a very humble beginning. Born June 13, 1934 in the Borough of Manhattan in New York City. At the age of six, Leonard Kleinrock was reading a Superman comic book at his familys apartment in Manhattan, when, in the centerfold, he found plans for building a crystal radio. To do so, he needed his fathers used razor blade, a piece of pencil lead, an empty toilet paper roll, and some wire. He needed an earphone, which he promptly appropriated from a public telephone booth. The one remaining part required was something called a variable capacitor. For this, young Leonard convinced his mother to take him on the subway down to Canal Street, the center for radio electronics. In one of the stores, he asked the clerk for a variable capacitor. After some debate about the size, which forced the six-year old to confess his inexperience, the clerk sold him just what he needed. When free music came through the earphones-without batteries, without power-an engineer was born (Segaller 32). Imagine two students, one depressed and one not, w EssayTodays InternetIn the early 1980s the American military split away from ARPAnet, leaving what became known as the Internet (Cooper 12). ARPAnet was the actual beginning of the World Wide Web and the Internet. Due to its now capitalist commercial scheme of the Internet, it is ironic that the development and unforeseen improvement of the world-wide economy came as a response from the United States government to the Soviet Unions because of the launching of a rocket that carried a dog into space. The Internet has become a common place in our society. It is as common as the telephone or the automobile. The simple ease of communicating with strangers across the world in a matter of seconds, that once took weeks by regular mail. Even shopping on the Internet from the comfort of our own homes is an everyday occurrence. These are things that we shouldnt take for granted, and these are things that we can now thank the inventors, personally through another invention of theirs, Electronic Mail (e-mail). Dr. Kleinrock: The Father of Internet TechnologySimply put, without the most important contribution of packet switching by Dr. Kleinrock, the Internet would more than likely not exist today. Over the years there has been great advances in computer technology. This has been mostly accomplished by the partnership of other engineers throughout the world communicating with one another through the use of Internet. This type of communication would not have come without the ingenious theory of Dr. Kleinrocks theory. So one must ask oneself, If not for the immediate communication that the Internet gives us, would we (the world) be this technically advanced without the Internet? In literature that there is on the Internet, there is always a mention of Dr. Kleinrock. Our children and our childrens children will know of nothing less than the luxury of having the Internet available to them at anytime of day or night. The simple ease of communicating with strangers across the world in a matter of seconds, that once took weeks by regular mail. These are things that we shouldnt take for granted, and these are things that we can now thank the inventors, personally. I was able to contact Dr. Kleinrock. I wanted to inform him that I was doing a research thesis on his invention, using the same invention to relay this information. I would say this would be the equivalent of calling Mr. Bell on the phone, or even driving my car to Mr. Ford, and thanking them for their wonderful gifts to mankind. Dr. Kleinrock is one of many men that put in place this fabulous tool. One thing we must remember, as with all other tools of man, we should not abuse it or take it for granted. It was an honor for me to do this thesis and actually communicate with the Father of the Internet Technology. BibliographyWorks CitedCooper, Brian, ed. The Internet. New York. 1996: 8-12. Kleinrock, Leonard. Inventor of the Internet Technology. http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu. Segaller, Stephen. Nerds 2.0.1 A Brief History of the Internet. New York: TV Books, 1998: 32-69. United States. Federal Networking Council. FNC Resolution: Definition of Internet. October 24, 1995. Last accessed April 20, 2000. . University of California, Los Angeles. The Birth of the Internet. August 27, 1996. Last accessed April 27, 2000. Thesis and Dissertations

A Few Greek Gods Essays - Titans, Greek Mythology, Names Of God

A Few Greek Gods Essays - Titans, Greek Mythology, Names Of God A Few Greek Gods subject = History 9th grade title = A Few Greek Gods The Ancient Greeks believed in a series of myths which explained nature, set up a moral code for the people, and were just folk lore of the people. In this paper, the beginnings of myths, the Greek gods themselves, and several myths concerning morals, nature, and old lore of the Ancients will be discussed. Because the myths and details about the gods were passed along by word of mouth, some myths or gods might be interchanged or different. The Greek myths started as folk lore until it began to explain nature and storytellers integrated a moral code into the myths. Many myths started out as fairy tales. As new and more efficient farming methods became available to the Greek people they were faced with more time in which to do other things. A people who have waste develop a culture all their own. Because Greece was divided into different city- states, many of the myths are different. The culture of storytelling began to involve explanations of nature such as the creation of the horse, spider, and such changes as winter and fire along with the creation of man himself. Slowly, as with any longstanding government, the morals and laws of society leaked into Greek myths in the form of, "The slain shall be avenged by Nemesis (a force which causes people to get revenge)," or just, "Kindness and humbleness are rewarded by the gods." Some myths were even created to support other myths. The myths started with storytelling and developed into a complex system of morals and explanations. The Greek myths were almost fruitless without the intervention of the gods. The gods controlled nature and fought their own battles on the earth, which sometimes caused problems. The first god was the most powerful one until he had children. The first god is called Oranos or in some myths Uranus. He was the first ruler among the gods. Uranus was the heavens and Gaea was the earth and thus they were married. The couple gave birth to many different and odd children but Uranus was cruel to them. Then, Chronos was born as the youngest titan. Chronos dethroned his father and soon after married his sister, Rhea. He didn't want his children to dethrone him so he ate them. However, Zeus overthrew Chronos and established the first real empire of the gods. Zeus settled disputes between the other gods and made sure the humans weren't treated in the wrong way. Zeus and Hera gave birth to Ares and Hermes along with other minor gods. Hera was a cruel type person in most myths and in one she led a rebellio n against Zeus and almost defeated him when he was rescued. Her favorite sign is the peacock feather and that is her unique sign. Zeus and Hera were the first lasting god couple. Zeus had two brothers, Poseidon and Hades. After Chronos had been defeated, the three brothers threw dice for who would rule in which realm. Poseidon chose the sea because there was the source of the most adventure. Zeus chose the sky where he would rule on Mount Olympus. Hades had no choice and took the underworld because he was notoriously unlucky. Poseidon created many odd sea creatures and the dolphin. He also created the horse and horselike animals. Poseidon had many children by two nymphs and his first son, Achilles, was greater than himself. Hades ruled the underworld and chose what to do with the souls of the people who came across the River Styx. They were judged on what they did in life. He was unloving and terrible and he rarely left the underworld. His only wife was Persephone. She was the daughter of Demeter, goddess of corn, grain, and weather to an extent. Demeter is a minor god except for the great influence she has on the earth. Because her daughter, Persephone, is abducted every year, the crops wither and winter takes control of the land. There were quite a few lesser gods who ruled over small parts of nature. Aphrodite is the goddess of love and passion. She was formed of the foam off the genitals of Neptune which fell into the sea. She manipulated men and was known for her enchanted golden apples. Her son was Eros, where we get the word erotic. Eros is the Greek form of Cupid, the Roman god of love. Aphrodite also has a magical girdle that makes

Free Essays on Karl Marx

Karl Heinrich Marx was born on May 5th 1818 in Tier. He was one of four siblings and as the only son; he was his father’s favorite. His father, Heinrich, was married to a Dutch Jewess named Henrietta Pressburg. Heinrich was a Jewish Lawyer that had a firm belief in Judaism (historyguide.org/intellect/marx.html). It wasn’t until 1838 he converted his whole family to Christianity due to the fear of the loss of his practice in the Prussian state. It wasn’t an easy change for him. It took the loss of his mother in order for him to sever all ties with their native beliefs. Despite his parent’s dispute with their recent conversion Karl had an untroubled childhood and a very strong background. His father always knew that one day his son would help aid all humanity in its effort to survive, â€Å"His ‘Splendid natural gifts’ awakened in his father the hope that one day they would one day be used in the service of humanity, whilst his mother declared him to be a child of fortune in whose hands everything would go well.† (The Story of His Life, Mehring, page 2) This theory of his father started to shine when Karl was in high school. It all started when Marx was asked to write a paper on a chosen profession. Marx felt that this was unfair, and that he should take a different approach. In his paper he said that there is no way that a person could choose a single profession. A person has an occupation or profession due to certain circumstances. For instance a person would have more of a chance taking an aristocratic job coming from a rich environment than a person from a much poorer background would. He graduated high school in 1835 to enroll at the University of Bonn to study law. While at Bonn, Jenny Von Westphalen won his heart and he asked her to marry him (Karl Marx, Compton’s Encyclopedia). This was not a traditional engagement, because Karl didn’t ask for her father’s permission. Jenny was the daughter of an upp... Free Essays on Karl Marx Free Essays on Karl Marx "To sell a man a fish, he can eat for a day, to teach a man to fish, is to ruin a great business opportunity, says Karl Marx."Marx and Engels did a great thing when they wrote the â€Å"Communist Manifesto†. They tried to liberate the proletariat by educating him. This was and still is an enormous task that they took on. I will try to take a closer look at the â€Å"Communist Manifesto† and its main ideas. Here are some of the things that Karl Marx wrote in the â€Å"Communist Manifesto†. That he believed should be looked at for the communist revolution to take place. To begin, the abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes, a heavy progressive or graduated income tax, abolition of all rights of inheritance, fourth confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels, centralization of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the state, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan, eight equal obligation of all to work, and last was free education for all children in public schools, also there are a few more he belived in.(Communist Manifesto). To start, during the time the Communist Manifesto was written by Marx, these were very important issues to deal with. The capitalist countries such as England and America, where private property was the basis of the entire economy, and they rejected these notion of throwing out the class structures. Marx looked at England as a model and leader of capitalism and industry and if he were alive today he would consider America to be a huge model of this. One of the main reasons for these countries rejecting Marx’s view is that they regarded him as a German philosopher who was educated in the field of German metaphysics. This was unappealing to the minds of capitalists (Capital vii). Marx’s the... Free Essays on Karl Marx Karl Marx Karl Marx was the mastermind behind the developments of the some of the most renowned theories in sociological history. Marx’s ideas helped many people understand the origin behind a capitalist/bourgeoisie society. He also examined humans in the sense of how they experienced living in a capitalist society. By focusing on these ideas, Marx discovered how capitalism could eventually lead to the feelings of isolation from the society in which they lived in. First, I believe that it is important to understand how capitalism originated. For a capitalist society to function properly, some sort of class struggle must exist between the individuals who belong to different socioeconomic groups. Class struggle is the key to an economic system. It has existed since ancient times. During this era, Rome, Greece, and Babylon were the strongest nations of civilization. The ruling class, also known as the Patricians, ran these civilizations. They were extremely wealthy, well educated, and had control over most of the land. The middle class of citizens comprised of few individuals during this time, and the working class during that period consisted of people who were treated like slaves. These people had very few, if any, rights. Around 476 A.D., civilization dawned upon the Middle Ages, and the practice of feudalism prevailed. During this period, the ruling class was now known as the nobles; the middle class was still consistent as it was like before the Middle Ages. Now, the working class began to see more rights than they did during Ancient times, because the peasant were finally allowed to keep a portion of whatever they grew to sell for their own personal profit. Feudalism was seen until the late eighteenth century. During this era, the peasants and middle class could not take anymore of the Noble’s controlling authority over their personal life and property. Eventually, they ended up overthrowing the ruling class, and st... Free Essays on Karl Marx In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations. The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with clash antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms: Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest towns. From these burgesses the first elements of the bourgeoisie were developed. The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the colonisation of America, trade with the colonies, the increase in the means of exchange and in commodities generally, gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known, and thereby, to the revolutionary element in the tottering feudal society, a rapid development. The feudal system of industry, under which industrial production was monopolised by closed guilds, now no longer sufficed for the growing wants of the new markets. The manufacturing system took its place. The guild-masters were pushed on one side by the manufacturing middle class; division of labour between the different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of labour in each single workshop. Meantime the markets kept ever growing, the demand eve... Free Essays on Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx was born on May 5th 1818 in Tier. He was one of four siblings and as the only son; he was his father’s favorite. His father, Heinrich, was married to a Dutch Jewess named Henrietta Pressburg. Heinrich was a Jewish Lawyer that had a firm belief in Judaism (historyguide.org/intellect/marx.html). It wasn’t until 1838 he converted his whole family to Christianity due to the fear of the loss of his practice in the Prussian state. It wasn’t an easy change for him. It took the loss of his mother in order for him to sever all ties with their native beliefs. Despite his parent’s dispute with their recent conversion Karl had an untroubled childhood and a very strong background. His father always knew that one day his son would help aid all humanity in its effort to survive, â€Å"His ‘Splendid natural gifts’ awakened in his father the hope that one day they would one day be used in the service of humanity, whilst his mother declared him to be a child of fortune in whose hands everything would go well.† (The Story of His Life, Mehring, page 2) This theory of his father started to shine when Karl was in high school. It all started when Marx was asked to write a paper on a chosen profession. Marx felt that this was unfair, and that he should take a different approach. In his paper he said that there is no way that a person could choose a single profession. A person has an occupation or profession due to certain circumstances. For instance a person would have more of a chance taking an aristocratic job coming from a rich environment than a person from a much poorer background would. He graduated high school in 1835 to enroll at the University of Bonn to study law. While at Bonn, Jenny Von Westphalen won his heart and he asked her to marry him (Karl Marx, Compton’s Encyclopedia). This was not a traditional engagement, because Karl didn’t ask for her father’s permission. Jenny was the daughter of an upp... Free Essays on Karl Marx Karl Marx views on social inequality have been working for today’s society for may years. The class struggle between the people who have known as the bourgeoisie and those that don’t have called the proletariat is still a very important aspect in describing social inequality. Looking at Karl Marx’s own life you have a sense and our able to see that he in his time did face and observe social inequality. Karl Marx was born to a prosperous lawyer in western Germany. Even before he was born, his small hometown of Trier , was now under the control by Prussia. As Marx came into adulthood, he knew that his strong opinions and his will to express them would most likely offend the Prussian authorities. In college, he became apart of a group called the young ‘Hegelians†, they followed the teaching of French philosopher Georg Friedrich Hegel. His thinking on the monarchy, the Prussian Government and Christianity appealed to a young Marx. He soon became a popular radical and made a name for himself. He began to see first had that his actions would have lifelong consequences. Marx due to his involvement with Hegel and the involvement with fellow radical Bruno Bauer, Marx was soon blacklisted by the Ministry of Education. He would now never be able to teach. Marx found out other ways to make his voice heard. He began to publish much of his articles and works he wrote. Most strongly critized was government censorship and poverty of the people. By the government always trying to find was to stop Marx, this only added fuel to the fire. His personal life was no better; he had married the love of his life named Jenny, but faced very harsh backlash from her parents and his own mother. He was also not given any of his fathers money after he died, just another reason that help make his thinking so very radical. He and Jenny eventually left Germany, the beginning of a long and permanent exile from his country. Marx had left Germany hoping ... Free Essays on Karl Marx Essay on Karl Marx â€Å"Man was born free and is everywhere in chains.† This, the view of famous philosopher Rousseau, parallels to the writings and views of Karl Marx. Karl Marx, born in Germany in 1818, throughout his 65 years of life wrote many powerful papers. Of the most notoriety; The Communist Manifesto, will be discussed thoroughly due to its importance in reference to Marx life and ideals as related to Rousseau’s quote. Marx was a liberal reformist who analyzed the relationship between the proletariat and the bourgeois, and believed, like Rousseau, that society was not in fact free, especially when concerning the proletarians. This is shown through his positions on; alienation, social change, and religion. As well as his ideologies of false consciousness, his belief of capitalisms need for reform, inequality and exploitation of the working classes could be addressed and abolished, that society is not defined by that of natural rights, but defined by the nature of our class status. In 1844 Karl Marx wrote and published The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, better known as â€Å"The Paris Manuscripts.† (http://csf.colorado.edu/psn/marx/Archive/1844-EPM/ ) This was Karl Marx’s first work, where he writes a study about alienation of workers. What does one mean by alienation? Karl Marx states that the alienated person feels a lack of meaning in his life, or a lack of self-realization. Alienation happens when you sell your labour power. There are four ways that one may feel alienation. The first type of alienation is alienation from labour. The second type of alienation is alienation from his or her product of labour. The third type of alienation is alienation from others. And fourthly, one may feel alienation from oneself and their creativity. These four forms of alienation are interconnected, and Karl Marx describes the connections between them. This is the core of his approach to the p... Free Essays on Karl Marx The late 1800’s were a time period where new ideas, theories, and philosophies ran through the minds of many young people. Amongst them was a man by the name of Karl Marx. Known as a man of great integrity and intelligence, Marx was thought to be one of the greatest thinkers of all time. Karl Marx was born in the German Rhineland to a well-cultured family, one that was not revolutionary. As a young man he received a classical education. Marx entered the University of Berlin where he read law, majoring in history as well as philosophy. His years at the university were the time period that was a turning point in Marx's life. From his early school days, philosophy had been a subject that sparked interest in Karl Marx. He was greatly concerned with humans' freedom and reviving the ancient concept of communism. The University of Berlin was where Marx had first become acquainted with the philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. What attracted Marx to Hegel was his "sur! mounting of the characteristic difficulty of idealism." However, when Marx was later introduced to the philosophies of Feuerbach, his thoughts completely changed. According to Feuerbach,"man has so far in history lived primarily a life of religion, and that the essences of religion is man's estrangement from himself," At the same time of Marx becoming acquainted with these thoughts, he was jumping from one place to another causing his family to live in wretched poverty. Later on, using both the concepts of Hegelianism and of Feuerbach, Marx arrived at the formulation of his own philosophical anthropology. He first states that the primary determinant of history is economics where the history of society is viewed as the history of class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariats. The bourgeoisie are successful by extracting money from the proletariats for profit. Marx's theory predicts that the contradictions and weaknesses will cause economic crisis and deepe...

Plesae read the atricle and answer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Plesae read the atricle and answer - Assignment Example Subsequently, the author details how during the post war years different actors helped to re-define the shrines in terms of pre-Imperial power and greatness of Japanese tradition. Likewise the article details the historical meanings and religious connotations that the shrine has had on various groups throughout Japanese history to include: Buddhist monks, Yamato dynasty, Imperial Japan, and Post-World War II Japanese culture and society. In a sense, by analyzing the way that this shrine has had such a profound effect on the determination of the society and the different factions within it, the author is able to emphasize how locations and images have a profound effect on the identify of given groups and how they in turn relate to the rest of the world around them. The greater understanding that the reader is about to walk away from this piece with is that humanity ascribes its own unique values and belief systems to historic relics or shrines that exist in contemporary society. This truism is especially helpful in understanding how religious movements and radical political movements are able to gain such a great deal of influence and form a clear (albeit oftentimes patently false) connection to some point in history. Naturally one immediately recalls the Nazi’s attempts to bend history and various shrines to their own distinct interpretation of

Doryphoros and Augustus of Prima Porta Assignment

Doryphoros and Augustus of Prima Porta - Assignment Example The second style is a portrayal of actual Roman attributes with full body adornment and symbolizing authority. 2. Line- is used in Doryphoros and Augustus of Prima Porta to define the male body in its most proportional form; this is because this element is used to determine its size and shape (Janson & Janson, 2003). It is used to outline full body shape and curvatures while also defining the postures of the objects under study. Shape- In both the sculptures, the shapes come out because the sculptors divided the human body into different parts. They then designed all these and made sure they are proportionate when assembled into a whole. Texture and Balance- The images have a fine balance between relaxation and tension because of their postures; that creates harmony. The shades fade off very gently from one color code to the next making the balance and texture very clear; however, they have a simulated texture which makes the objects poses real textures. This is seen for instance in Augustine’s clothing and adornments. 3. The objects have a subject the sculptors wanted to pass across; The Doryphoros is a symbolism of male beauty with balanced body parts. Augustus of Prima Porta is a sculpture made by Tiberius in recognition of his father’s role in protecting their empire. 5. The artist message when making Doryphoros is a portrayal of a perfect male; this is coupled with nakedness which symbolizes civility thus bringing out a contrast with Greek’s backward neighbors. Augustus is personified as being a perfect ruler of the Roman Empire (Janson & Janson, 2003). He does this by giving him features of both strength and agility. He is compared to the powerful Greek gods as he wields authority which was essential in ruling the expansive empire and protecting it from foreign occupation.

Prior Knowledge That Is Required before Using the Toaster Essay

Prior Knowledge That Is Required before Using the Toaster - Essay Example The memo is summed up in one page and also contains the name of the group members. A toaster is an electronic gadget that allows you to cook, bake, and boil your food. It is important to have a toaster in your house but before buying a toaster one should decide on whether to buy a basic toaster or a toaster oven. A toaster oven can do more cooking than the ordinary toaster so if you do a lot of cooking then the toaster oven is ideal for you. If you want to cook for a crowd of people then a toaster oven will most likely suit you more than the normal oven. A toaster oven is not very different from the normal oven that is found in most of the kitchens. However, it should be known that not all cooking can be done using the toaster oven and so some cooking should be done using the normal oven or cooker (David 8). When you buy a toaster you are given a short wire cord to prevent the chances of tripping in the event where someone becomes tangled with the wire. However, longer cords are available but should be used with a lot of care. When one uses a longer cord, it is advisable that one checks the marked electrical rating and make sure that it is twice that of the toaster oven. The appliance always has a polarized plug and so this makes it safe especially for fitting it to a polarized end. If you try to fix it and it does not fit then contact a qualified electrician and never try to force it (David 34). A toaster makes toasting much easier and faster than before. The toaster also has an easy to clean interior that wipes the interior of the toaster clean at once. The toaster is also big enough to let you bake an entire meal once without having to split the number of cooking. Baking: this is the function that can be used the same way that you would use your normal kitchen. When baking using the toaster, remember to prepare what you want to bake then preheat the toaster for five to ten minutes.  Ã‚  

Co Evolution Of Humans And Disease Organisms

Co Evolution Of Humans And Disease Organisms Co-evolution is a situation where two or more species influence each others evolution reciprocally by applying selective pressures on each other. Genetically speaking, co-evolution is the change in genetic composition of one species in response to the genetic change in another. This can lead to evolutionary arms races, a classic example being the interaction between plants and insects. The development of a gene for chemical defences that is harmful to the insect by the plant will put a pressure on the population growth of the insect, and the insect will try to overcome this by evolving something to detoxify them, the plant will in turn evolve a stronger defence and so on, without either side winning (Ridley 2004). There are different types of interactions between organisms (Maynard Smith 1998). Among some are: Competition, where 2 species compete for a limited amount of a common essential resource and one or the other will be eliminated. For example, lions and cheetahs both feed on similar prey, so they are negatively affected by each other because they will have to compete for food. Mutualism, where the presence of one species stimulates the growth of another, and both sides benefit from the relationship, such as animals like cow and bacteria within their intestines. Cows benefit from cellulase produced by bacteria to help digestion while bacteria benefit from having nutrients supply from the cows. Parasitism, host-pathogen co-evolution, interaction between humans and disease organisms is an example of this, where a parasite benefit from its host at the cost of the host. In the mid-nineteenth century, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace determined the mechanism of evolution as natural selection. Species and population do not remain fixed, but they change over time. Individuals of a same species show differences in phenotype, such as difference in height, colour, or defences against enemies. These can be passed on through generations. In a community, members of the same species will need to struggle for limited resources and avoid predators for survival. Those with an advantage in phenotype will survive better and therefore be able to reproduce more successfully. One way to recognize natural selection in a population is by using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to measure the allele frequencies and genotype frequencies, on the assumption that it is an ideal population with large population size and random mating, lack of mutation and migration. There are three main types of selection: Directional selection, where the phenotype at one end of the distribution is selected for and the other end selected against. Stabilizing selection, where the intermediate phenotype is selected for while those at both extremes are selected against. Disruptive selection, where the phenotypes at both extremes are favoured simultaneously. In addition to natural selection, other factors that could alter allele frequencies are like mutation, migration or genetic drift that might eventually lead to speciation, which is the formation of new species (Klug, Spencer et al. 2007). Disease organisms are called pathogens, causing diseases by infecting or infesting another organism. They are often described as parasite, because they benefit from living in or on a host, at the cost of the host and can be anything from microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses to parasitic worms like tapeworms. To discuss the interaction between humans and disease organisms, we first have to look at how humans protect themselves against infection. The first line of defence of humans against pathogens is physical barriers. The intact skin of humans serves as an impenetrable barrier to pathogens and the acidity of sweat also hinders growth of bacteria. However, pathogens can still get inside the human body and this is where the immune system comes into play. There are two mechanisms of the immune system, namely the innate immunity and the adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the inborn ability to defend ourselves without prior learning experience and this includes phagocytes such as monocytes and neutrophils where they can eat up the pathogens, and inflammatory cells such as eosinophils and basophils that trigger local inflammation at the infection site. On the other hand, adaptive immunity is the immune response that needs to be acquired through experience and it has exquisite specificity and immunological memory. The cells working under adaptive immunity are like cytotoxic cells that kill infected cells and B cells that produce antibody to destroy pathogens. On the timeline of evolution, humans, or Homo sapiens have only been around for less than 2 million years, while worms have been around for about 750 million years. The complexity of the innate immunity in humans today is due to evolution as time passes and more species of pathogens appeared, because only the fittest individuals survived the infection to reproduce and pass on their genes to the next generation. Innate immunity provide immediate defence against infection but it only recognises prominent differences between own cells and the pathogens, therefore responding to pathogens in a generic way. Thus, innate immunity works closely together with adaptive immunity which can give long term specific immune response due to memory cells. For example, immunity for malarial parasite will not give immunity for bacteria that causes tuberculosis (Davey, Halliday et al. 2001). Exposure to a certain pathogen in varying degrees also has affect on the genetic evolution of the immune system. One example is a cluster of genes that plays an important role in the recognition and presentation of non-self antigens to the cells of the immune system called the HLA (human leucocyte antigen), also known as major histocompatability complex (MHC) has been found to have associations with diseases like leprosy and tubercolosis (May and Anderson 1983). In a human population exposed to more of the diseases shows a higher diversity on the HLA genes. Disease organisms have different generation times. For example, the bacterium Escherichia Coli can reproduce in just twenty minutes under ideal circumstances, while the HIV (Human Immunodificiency Virus) can generate 10 billion new virus particles in a day. So in the course of the humans life, these pathogens can go through hundreds and thousands of generation, evolving to become better adapted and acquiring counter-defence to the humans immune system. Some important features of the co-evolution of humans and disease organism arise from this huge difference of reproductive rates. Pathogens usually possess certain adaptations to resist humans from trying to remove them and they are very much dependant on humans as their hosts for essential resources to survive, grow and reproduce. They must be able to find a new host before their current one dies or make their transition by means of vector species. The activity of the pathogens will to some extend reduce the fitness of humans or even kill them. There is a varying degree of harm that a pathogen can cause to humans, and this property is called virulence. For the same species of pathogen, some individuals might be totally unaffected by it while some might get infection that could be mild to serious or even killed by it. Virulence of one pathogen can be measured as the percentage of infections that leads to death. The bacterium Vibrio cholera was one the most virulent human pathogens, with a virulence of 15 percent until the appearance of HIV, which has a virulence of over 90 percent, meaning that 90 percent of infected people die (Davey, Halliday et al. 2001). There are different phases in which a disease organism can adapt to its host. The first phase being accidental infection, that is the first contact of the pathogen with a new species of host. Many human diseases are caused by pathogens that infect animals such as rabies, SARS and bird flu. Host changes are promoted by frequent contact between humans and animals such as keeping a pet. The second phase is the evolution of virulence after the pathogen has successfully invaded a new host. In this phase evolution of virulence happens rapidly because the pathogen is not be well adapted to the new host and will try to overcome the immune response by the host. The third phase occurs the pathogen has been persisting in the new host for some time and tries to reach an optimal virulence. Virulence that is too high either kills the host too quickly resulting in less time to reproduce successfully , reduce the chances of the host interacting with other hosts therefore reducing transmission or ind uces an immune response that react too strongly, while mildly virulent strains will be cleared by the immune system too quickly (Stearns and Koella 2008). An example of co-evolution between the immune system of humans and disease organism is shown in flu virus. When a large proportion of the population has developed immunity to a certain strain of flu virus, the spread of the virus will be prevented until it has evolved by mutation or re-assortment. This is called antigenic drift, where a variety of strains are created until one can infect people who are immune to the pre-existing strains. If a virus is produced that has entirely new antigens, everyone will be susceptible thus causing a major pandemic. Possibly one of the best-known cases for co-evolution of humans and disease organisms is the evolution of humans for the sickle cell trait to protect against severe malaria. Sickle cell disease is caused by a change in shape of haemoglobin, causing red blood cells to be distorted and encounter problems when passing through blood capillaries. Homozygous individuals do not survive for long and rarely reproduce while heterozygous individuals produce sickle shaped red cells and normal ones but barely develop any symptoms of the disease. One would assume that the allele frequency of sickle cell would reduce in a population but this is not the case. It has been found that heterozygotes for sickle cell have an advantage over normal individuals because the sickle shaped red cells reduce the ability of the parasite Plasmodium to grow and multiply. Another example that can be given is the evolution of the bacterium such as Mycobacterium tubercolosis, which causes TB. Strains of the TB bacteriu m have evolved recently that is resistant to all drugs, namely the multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains. Depending on the changes in human population, the bacteria can change its virulence accordingly. Some pathogens are willing to trade-off virulence with transmission, keeping virulence low so that transmission between hosts can happen. However, if the host becomes abundant or the immune system is suppressed as in the case of AIDS, then the pathogen may evolve a higher virulence. Co-evolution simply means the evolution of one species in response to that of another species. However, co-evolution does not indicate dependence on one another. Humans are not dependant on parasites for survival, and the other way around. Co-evolution of humans and disease organisms has produced many fascinating variations, whether in humans or the disease organisms. The studies on this can aide us in gaining understanding of health and diseases as disease organisms remain a major cause of mortality, especially in the under-developed regions of the world.

Charles W. Chestnutts The Marrow of Tradition Essay examples -- Chest

Charles W. Chestnutt's The Marrow of Tradition      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clearly, one can expect differing critical views of a novel; from the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   author's perspective we see one view, from a publisher's another, and from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the reviewer's yet another. This is especially true of Charles W.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chesnutt's   The Marrow of Tradition. If one observes both the contemporary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   reviews of the novel and letters exchanged between Chesnutt and his   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   friends and publisher, Houghton, Mifflin, and Co., one will see the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   disparity in opinions regarding the work. Chesnutt himself felt the work   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   was of at least good quality, and remarked often of its significant   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   purpose in letters to Booker T. Washington, Houghton, Mifflin, Isaiah B.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scott, and William H. Moody. Reviewers, too, were able to see the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "purpose" of the novel as a significant one as evidenced by reviews in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chautauquan, the New York Times, The Literary World, Nation, and New York   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Age.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, most reviews, even those which pointed out the important theme of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the novel, suggested that it was not a well written one, often seeming   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   overly dramatic and too fictionalized. Even Chesnutt's friend, W.D.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Howells, was quick to attack the quality of the novel. And, as one might   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   expect, a few reviews (especially those of a Southern origin) were nothing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   but negative. Examples of these are the Atlanta Journal, Bookman, and the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Independent. Particularly scathing is that of the Independent, a magazine   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   which was considered friendly to the cause of Black rights. In a series of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   lette... ...things through a glass darkly, but we can   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   perhaps by constant iteration gradually help to undeceive them. I have   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   made an effort in this direction through my latest novel, The Marrow of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tradition." And if the novel did not become the successor to Uncle Tom's   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cabin, as Chesnutt hoped, at least, in inflaming the critical community,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   he achieved what he had desired: "to create sympathy throughout our   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   country for our cause. [...] I know I am on the weaker side in point of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   popular sympathy, but I am on the stronger side in point of justice and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   morality, and if I can but command the skill and the power to compel   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   attention, I think I will win out in the long, so far as I am personally   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   concerned, and will help the cause, which is vastly more important."   

Strategic finance issues

This analysis will financially compare Santos Limiter's financial performance for the year ending 31st December 2013 with the previous year's results, by way of ratio analysis. It will also benchmark the latest result with that of Woodside Petroleum for the same period using the same ratio analysis of the 2013 financial statements of each company.A copy of these ratio analysis are attached to this report as appendix 1, which contains a through time comparison for the last two years for Santos Limited ND the across time comparison with Woodside Petroleum for the most recent year. As Basely and Hancock (2013 p. 358) depict there are certain factors relevant to selecting an appropriate benchmark.Woodside Petroleum has been selected as the benchmarking company as Woodside also operates in oil and gas production, focusing operations within the Australian area. While Woodside operations are larger than that of Santos, the relative size of these companies is comparable and both follow the a ccounting policies required by the Corporations Act 2001 , Australian Accounting Standards and other authoritative pronouncements of the Australian Accounting standards board.Both companies are listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASS) which provides comparative data for the ratios analyzed and presented in Appendix 1 with the following tables; Table 1 – Profitability ratios Table 2 – Efficiency ratios Table 3 – Short-term solvency ratios Table 4 – Long-term solvency ratios and Table 5 – Market-based ratios A copy of Santos Limiter's 2013, 2012 and Woodside petroleum ‘s 2013 Annual reports are attached to this report as Appendix 2, Appendix 3 and Appendix 4 especially, for reference to the findings and suggestions outlined in this review.One limitation of the comparison is that Santos Limited reports their financial data in Australian (ALL'S) dollars, while Woodside Petroleum report their financial data in American (US) dollars. This is o vercome by using ratios for a majority of comparisons and converting the US dollar amounts into ASS dollars when required. 2. 0 Ratio Analysis To look at the relationship between figures presented in the financial statements, this report uses a ratio analysis technique. To fully understand the ratios developed e will look at them in context of other information provided in various reports and the overall goals of the company.From these ratios the report will then compare these against the benchmark and ultimately identify areas for improvement and, if necessary, change. 2. 1 Profitability. As we can see from Table 1 – Profitability ratios, the net profit margin and the gross profit margin fell 1 . 74% and 4. 26% respectively in 2013. While sales increased 1 1 . 76% for the year, the gross profit margin decreased as previously stated which, was the main driver for the decrease in net profit margin for the year as the interest expense o sales remained consistent.There was a sli ght drop in return on assets, however asset turnover remained fairly constant, highlighting that the drop in net profit margin is due to the drop in gross profit margin and not a lower turnover of assets. The reduction in gross profit margin is due to the increase in financing costs like depreciation and depletion (up 1. 5% of sales for 2013) and third party product purchases (up 5. 6% of sales). The reduction in financing income also played a major part in pushing down profits. In comparison Woodside has a higher return on assets Han Santos due to the 16. 8% higher profit margin and they turnover assets more efficiently. Also, Santos' continuing capital growth strategies in projects such as the Papua New Guiana Liquefied Natural Gas (PING LONG) and the Gladstone Liquid Natural Gas (GLEN) transformational projects which are outlined in the 2013 Annual report, are still in the developing phase, therefore not producing to generate sales until the following years. Woodside had a low co mmitment to capital expenditure for the same financial year and after selling off major capital in 2012 their use of debt as far less (shown as the leverage ratio in Table 4).The return on ordinary shareholder's equity (ROE) ratio shows the return for the shareholders who supply equity to the business. The ROE is higher for Woodside due to their higher profit margins however, the higher financial leverage ratio in Table 4 will benefit Santos' shareholders when the return on assets increases compared to the financing costs. This will happen when the above mentioned projects begin production. This is congruent with the statement in a press release by Managing Director (M. D) and Chief Executive Officer (C.E. O) Mr. David Knox on 21st of February 2014. â€Å"In particular, our natural gas reserve and resource base in eastern Australia, combined with our leading infrastructure position, leaves Santos strategically well placed to meet growing market demand,†. 2. 2 Efficiency ratio s For the 2013 fiscal year the sales and also the number of debtors increased. The use of efficiency ratios helps determine whether the increase in debtors is due to the increase in sales alone or that it is caused by the debtors taking longer to pay.These ratios show this by providing statistical relations on how effectively Santos Limited is electing its outstanding owing money and converting the inventory into sales. From Table 2 we see that comparing the last two fiscal years for Santos Limited has made improvements in their debt collection practices. The number of days taken to collect debtors accounts has reduce from 78. 71 to 65. 53 days but is still outside Santos Limiter's standard 30 days for settlement of accounts. The closing balance is showing more debtors accounts being past the 65. 3 day average for 2013 fiscal year. Comparing these figures to Santos' competitor Woodside, whose debtor recovery is loser to the standard 30 days terms at 31. 63 days. An article in the Sy dney Morning Herald depicts that the question has been asked whether there is a gas reservation policy by shareholders, of which Santos Chairman Mr. Board denies. The ratio analysis of days taken to turn inventory into sales shows a possible reason for this question arising as the number of days taken to convert inventory into sales has risen in 2013 from 52. 19 to 53. 62 days.This is only a slight increase and with an expected increase in demand, this slight rise in inventory would be expected to cover n increase in demand. However, when comparing this level to the benchmark, Woodside inventory turnover is far less at 30. 46 days for a higher sales volume. 2. 3 Short-term solvency ratios While the previous ratios focus on performance of the company solvency ratios focus on assisting the company with decisions, short term and long term. Table 3 shows the short-term solvency ratios which assist in the short term decision making.The current ratio is the most basic test as to how liqui d a company is. It expresses a company's ability to meet its short-term liabilities with its short-term assets. A current ratio greater than or equal to one indicates that current assets should be able to satisfy short-term obligations. A ratio less than one indicated an inability to meet short term requirements. The quick ratio calculated for 2013 compared to 2012 shows the company's ability to pay is has reduced to below the 1:1 ratio, expressing that should the company be required to pay all current debts immediately, they could not do so.Due in part to the reduction in cash levels reducing the current assets from 34. 6% to 20. 3% of net assets. Also increases in the amount of short term interest bearing borrowings increases the current liabilities from 13. 6% of net assets to 16. 9%. With the less cover to pay the increase in short-term liabilities, there is a higher financial risk. When comparing these ratios to that of Woodside, Canton's short term debt paying ability is carry ing greater risks, but comparable with this benchmark. While the quick ratio decline to . 3:1 is cause for concern, the Cash flow from operations to current liabilities ratio shows that 94% of current liabilities can be covered with operational cash flow. Compare this to Woodside, which can easily cover rent liabilities with 141% of its current liabilities covered with operational cash flow. 2. 4 Long-term solvency ratios As the short-term financial risk has previously been expressed, the long term decisions can be assisted by the long-term solvency ratios expressed in Table 4. The debt to equity ratio compares the total liabilities of Santos Limited and compares it to the each dollar of shareholder's equity.During 2013 Santos' reliance has risen due to the increased borrowings and interest bearing loans, so for every $1 of shareholder's equity there is $1. 02 worth of debt obligations. This level of debt is double than that of our benchmark, Woodside Petroleum however, the debt to total asset ratio suggests there is enough assets to cover the debt long term. This might put the company under financial risk and indicate high use of debt compared to shareholder's equity and a greater financial risk long term. This increases the cost of interest in operation, effecting negatively on profitability.The interest coverage while currently is below the industry benchmark, there is sufficient coverage to ensure interest payment obligations will be met. The amount contributed to the long term room each $1 of operating cash flow has also been significantly reduced, moving further away from the benchmark company. This will increase interest costs long term however, also effecting profit margins. 2. 5 Market-based ratios The price per earnings ratio shown in Table 5 show how much the market would pay for shares of stock of the company per dollar of reported profit.About. Coma's business finance reporter Rosemary Palaver suggests that the average price to earnings ratio is a round 19 with Santos' ratio higher at 27. 68 and the benchmark, Woodside, ratio marginally lower at 17. 49. Reasons for Santos' higher than average price per earnings ratio would be due to the potential for Santos increase earnings per share in the foreseeable future and investors are trading accordingly. Other reasons for a high ratio are when companies are in a growth phase, which Santos' financial statements suggest it currently is not.A high ratio also suggests that the company has financial risk which was expressed in the short-term and long-term solvency ratios. While the market is willing to pay a higher price for investment in shares per dollar Santos reports as profit, the earnings yield assists in evaluating whether returns on investment compensates the risk adequately. The yield of 3. 61% for 2013 is down on sass's 4. 53% and short of Woodside 5. 72%, which is at a lower risk. Thus, Santos' shares did not perform to the industry benchmark and shareholders are not getting the yield expected for their investments.Dividends are also low, reflecting the company's growth positioning for the coming few years. 3. 0 Recommendations The increase in growing demand as expected by Mr. David Knox in a release and the move into production phase of the PING project will generate extra operating ash, primarily with already obtained assets. Therefore the focus moving forward should be reducing the financing costs involved in the cost of goods sold. This will in turn increase profit margins, giving a greater return on assets due to lower interest costs, moving margins closer to that of the benchmark Woodside Petroleum.The rate at which inventory is used to generate sales should be reviewed as it is slightly behind the benchmark. One suggestion to come from these ratio findings is that debtor control needs to be tightened which in turn will improve operations cash flow. Steps have been taken during the last fiscal year to reduce the number of days to collect outstandi ng debtor accounts, further improvement will also increase operating cash flow which will reduce the financial risk of the company to pay its current liabilities.The inventory level should be reduced to be more comparable to Woodside and increasing the quick assets level used to repay current liabilities. Further to assist in reducing the risk associated with the company's short-term solvency would be a focus on reducing the current interest-bearing loans and borrowings. 4. Conclusion. Through the usage of ratio analysis this report has analyses Santos Limiter's financial performance over the last two years and benchmark it against Australia's largest oil and natural gas producer.There are several other factors influencing position and performance like international economies, competition and major long term growth projects etc. These play a decisive role in the changes in profits, earnings yield and dividend yield. The last two years have seen Santos' profits and stock performances below industry averages but this is large in part to the investment in growth opportunities, which will begin production in the near future. Some findings and recommendations have been made to improve the financial position of the company so the entity and the shareholders that have invested in it can prosper.Although the companies are in the same field, factors like subsidiary companies or having some different end product can create problem in comparing the companies. The economic condition in the different region and the accounting techniques adopted by these companies while computing ratios and financial tenement also decreases the credibility of the calculation (Charles and Patricia, 1983) 5. 0 References Charles H. Gibson & Patricia A. Brush-off. 1983. Z ND Edition. Kent Publishing Company.

Petroleum and Case Study

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA A CASE STUDY ON PETRONAS CARIGALI SDN BHD (Facing the International Challenges) WAN ZAINUDDIN HJ WAN MUDA GSM 1997 7 ? ‘IESIS A CASE STUDY ON PETRONAS CARIGALI SDN BHD (Facing the International Challenges) BY WAN ZJUNUDDIN HJ WAN MUDA MATRIC NO. : 45161 MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTIUlTION MALAYSIAN GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MANA. GEMENT UNIVERSITY PUTRA MALAYSIA. SERDllNG SELANGOR DmUL EHSAN DECEMBER, 1997 A. Case Study On Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd (Facing The International Challenges) By Wan Zainuddin Hj : Wan Muda 45161 Matrie No.This Case Study is submitted in partial fulfilment of the I'equirement fol' the Mastel' of Business Aclministl'ation, Malaysian Graduate School of Management, Univel'sity Putn Malaysia, Sel'dang, Selangol' Dal'Ul Ehsan. Confidentiality Statement The Case Study is purely an academic exercise undertaken by the author. The case herewith contains certain information that shall not be disclosed to the public. Thus no part of this documen t is to be reproduced in any form and be used in any manner without prior written permission from the author.Acknowledgement First, I would like to extend my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my Supervisor, Professor Dr. Mohd. Ismail Ahmad for his guidance, comments and valuable suggestions during the course of preparing this case study. A big thank you and credit shall also be given to all lecturers throughout the whole MBA programme for their interesting lecture which makes all of us more clear and understanding on the business concept and strategy which is important for today's competitive business environment.A word of thank shall also go to my wife and children who provide me a valuable inspiration and have been the most patient, understanding, supportive and encouraging for taking this course. Without them, the completion of this case study and the MBA programme would not have been possible. Thank you so much – I love you all †¦.. . Originality of the Document I, Wan Zainuddin Hj Wan Muda, Matric No. : 45161, a final year student of the MBA programme at the University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan hereby confirmed that the case repared for the above programme is purely the sole effort of my goodself. Name: Date : ‘allg? _1Ihd ?l_1Xl†I †¦.. ,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ,, a.? __ ? P. T___ F_ Ii,. ,. ) FIGURE 1. 0 PETRONAS GROUP OF COMPANIES – 8 – I I I I I 1 I MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE GROUP PVBUC AFFAIRS BOARD OF DIRECTORS PRESIDENT ICEO DATO' M. HASSAN MERJCAN . : I I I I I -I 1- . .1 I BOARD AUDIT COMMrmE lAMe I INTERNAL AUDIT REGIOAAL OFACCS I I I HEALTH, SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT COMPANY SECRETARY &. LEGAl†¦ SERVICES CORPORATE PlANNING & BUSINESS DEVElOPMENT I I I CORPORATE DEVELOPMENT 1 I I I I EXPlORATION &. PROOUCTKlN SECTOR I . s PETROCHEMICAL SECTOR I ITEC? OGY . 1 1 RESOURCES & MANAGEMENT SECTOR REF? ING ‘ MARKETING SECTOR II TRANSPORTATION & MARINE SERVICES SECTOR I ) HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEME NT SECTOR I 1 FINANCE SECTOR J FIGURE 2. 0 PETRONAS ORGANISATION STRUCTURE – 9 – PETRONAS was now a full-fledged oil and gas company which engaged in a wide range of activities. covering petroleum exploration and production. oil refining. marketing. trading and distribution of crude oil and petroleum products. natural gas processing. ransmission and distribution. natural gas liquefaction and marketing oil liquefied natural gas. and manufacturing and marketing of petrochemicals and fertilisers. Due to the government's depletion policy. oil production in the country was levelled off between 600. 000 bopd to 650. 000 bopd. Today. within a strong foothold in the country. while building on to its domestic operations. PETRONAS was actively expanding into the global market forging towards its vision of becoming a multi-national petroleum corporation. As PETRONAS President says †¦. The most critical challenge would be to achieve and keep our competitive edge in the intern ational arena where we would be up against the most established and experience players. In order to realise the above. we need to re-examizJe ourselves order to achieve the iUld cOlltlnuously improve 011 everytlJJllg we do in most cost effectiveness. efficient utilisation of our resources †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. we must continuously seek improvement in our organisation and respond positively to the constant changes in the dynamic business environment that we  · operatem †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ † . (3) 10 – 2. 1 . 1 VISION STATEMENT† MISSION STATEMENT PETRONAS, having consolidated its position at home and with the expertise and knowledge acquired over the span of 20 years of its existence, was spreading its wing and venturing abroad to pursue its â€Å"dreams†. In order to realise organisational goals, PETRONAS has recently launched the long term Vision Statement as well as creating a Mission Statement to benchmark and evaluate organisation success. PETRONAS VISION STATEME NT † To be a Leading Oil and Gas Multinational of Choice † PETRONAS MISSION STATEMENT We are a business entity, Petroleum was our resources, Our primary objective was to develop and add value to this national resources, Our obj ective was to contribute to the well being of the people and the nation† 2. 1 . 2 SIIARED VALUES In addition to having both Vision and Mission Statement, PETRONAS also launched organisational â€Å"Shared Values† to enhance organisational objective in achieving the goals. – II – Loyalty Professionalism – Loyalty to the Nation & Corporation Committed, Innovative and Proactive and Always Striving for Excellence Integrity CohesivenessHonest and Upright United in Purpose and Fellowship With the above Vision, Mission Statement as well as establishing â€Å"Shared Values† statement, it was envisaged that PETRONAS employee could foster a better teamwork, quality product and services which could provide competitive edge, and hence would portray PETRONAS image, reputation and success of the organisation not only at home but also at the international arena. 2. 2 PETRONAS CJlRIGALJ SDN BBD PETRONAS CARlGALI SON. BHD. (peSB) was one of the PETRONAS wholly owned subsidiaries incorporated on 11 at May 1978.With the increase business activities in the exploration and production of oU and gas and good potential for industry development, peSB has been entrusted by PETRONAS to spearheaded the challenge in the oil and gas exploration, development and production not only locally but also at the international arena. To date, peSB was the operator of more than 12 fields, producing about one third of the country's total oil and gas production. The fields operated by PCSB locally are Ouyong, Oulang, Bekok, Tapis and Pulai in Peninsular Malaysia, the Tembungo and Samarang in Sabah, nine oilfield in – 12 –Baram Delta area in Sarawak. Meanwhile, in the international area, peSB was operating Dai Hu ng in Vietnam, and few platforms in the Caspian sea which undergoing development phases. Currently, PCSB has been involved in a number of projects internationally. Among the international projects undertaken by PCSB was in the Asia region such as Thailand, Philippine, Vietnam, Burma, Indonesia, India; in the Middle East such as in Iran, Iraq, Syria; in Eastern Europe such as Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan; in Africa such as in Sudan and many more. Through the years, PCSB kept on venturing into new concession area and ggressively participate in the international arena to further strengthen its business. (4) 2. 2. 1 PCSB VISION STATEMENT Many multinational companies set a long term organisational objectives or goals known as vision statement. Likewise, as business activities were faCing a stiff challenge in todays global market environment, PCSB has also established company vision in realising its goals and objectives. With the vision, peSB was expected to enhance its capabiliti es. PCSB vision was † To Be A MultinatiolJal E & P CompalJY ofClJoice, Creating V alue TlJroug COlJtinuous ImprovemelJt & GrowtlJ â€Å". h – 13 – 2. . 2 PCSB BUSINESS OBJECTIVES One could argue that it was virtually impossible for an organisation to function without having establish some business goals or objectives. An objective set a future target or end result that an organisation wishes to achieve. It also set a direction where the organisation was heading towards achieving its dream. As part of globalisation effort to purse its business activities, PCSB has set few organisational objectives to spearhead the challenge of the oil and gas industry that was very competitive particularly in the international arena. PCSB business objectives were ; oTo actively participate in the exploration of petrolewn resources for the maximwn benefit of the peopJe o To attain lull operational and technical expertise through manpower development and the transfer of technology in the shortest possible time o To achieve an adequate production level so as to meet the nation? total crude oil and gas output o To ensure maximum Malaysian involvement in the fabricating and assembling of aD production facilities and provision of ancillary and supportive services in the oil and gas industry. The above business objectives were in line with PETRONAS President wishes who said that† †¦The most critical challenge would be to achieve and keep our competitive edge in the international arena where we would be – 14 – up against the most established and experienced players. In order to be competitive. we need to constantly re-examme ourselves iUJd CDlltbluously Improve Oil everytbblg we do in order to achieve cost effectiveness. efficient utilisation of our resources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. we must continuously seek improvement in our organisation and respond positively to the constant changes in the dynamic business environment that we operate 11(5) m†¦. . †¢ 3. 0 PCSB ORGANISATION STRUCTUREHaving diversifying its business activities outside the domestic environment. PCSB basically adopting functional concept of the organisation structure. Current PCSB organisation structure composed of essentially five (5) main divisions that were Exploration. Development. Commercial Services. Domestic Operation. and International Operation. Each of these divisions was headed by the General Manager who reported directly to the Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer. Exploration division focus on finding new oil and gas reserve that could provide substantial return to the company.Whenever Exploration teams find new oil and gas reserve. the field development was then be the responsibility of the Development division to further study how to produce hydrocarbon from offshore. Development division composed of Petroleum Department. Drilling Department. Design Department. Construction Department. and Services Department that specialise in cert ain work scope. Commercial Services Division mainly focused on all contractual matters pertaining to the project development and exploration activities. Meanwhile. for both – 15 –