What Type Of Pastoral Care And Attention Is Required

Christianity in general, considers marriage to be a doctrine. A Christian marriage in The United Methodist Church is not a sacrament. Marriage in the United Methodism reflects Christ’s covenant with the Church, and this further means that people entering a married relationship enter a ‘a sacred covenant reflecting the Baptismal Covenant.’ The congregation gathered that witnesses a wedding celebrates love between a couple, promising them that they would nurture them in their Christian faith as disciples of Christ, and as a community. What type of pastoral care and attention is required? Since this a wedding between a Punjabi Indian and a Polish American, officiated by a Pakistani (me), I would need to be careful as not to come across as†¦show more content†¦Since the couple has decided not to live with families of either parents, the focus of attention would be the couple. However, it is important that the bride and groom both understand the cultural differences and are able to respect each other’s opinions (in the near future,) so that they do not fall into the pit of misunderstandings, doubts or suspicions about each other’s love or relationship. 1. The Text Selected - What is the historical background, including author and level of authorship; social, religious, cultural, etc. realities that confront or are confronted by the text in its original setting and functionality in scripture. - Level of authorship: According to the International Bible Commentary, the name of the author, in this case, the poet is not known. However, R. W. Orr states that the poet might be a woman, for the â€Å"The Song regards marriage sensitively from the woman’s point of view.† This is â€Å"the genre of Wisdom,† primarily because the Song of Songs is from â€Å"the school of Solomon,† and wisdom is one of the gifts of the Holy Spirit. This song speaks about wisdom. - Social reality in scripture: The Liberty Bible Commentary states that the text is written from the point of view of a Shulamite maiden. She is the only daughter of her parents. Her father has passed away and therefore; her brothers are responsible for the family maintenance.Show MoreRelatedPASTORAL COUNSELOR S IDENTITY AND ETHICS PAPER BClayton1713 Words   |  7 PagesUNIVERSITY PASTORAL COUNSELORS IDENTITY AND ETHICS PAPER A PAPER SUBMITTED TO DR. STEVEN BROOKS PACO 500 INTRODUCTION TO PASTORAL COUNSELING BY BEN CLAYTON JR. DETROIT, MICHIGAN MARCH 22, 2015 Abstract This paper is comprised of information gathered in order establish and identify ethical boundaries and guidelines that are to be adhered by this counselor. This study also includes information that is needed to obtain necessary licensing and training to ensure proper pastoral care training isRead MorePastoral Care And Pastoral Counseling Process1805 Words   |  8 Pageschurch administration, liturgical leadership and pastoral care. Indeed one of his problems in attaining self-knowledge is the necessity of coming to terms with so many demands and the discrepancy between what he conceives as his chief ministry and the preoccupation with running the church. Two points concerning the vocational aspect of the minister’s self-knowledge need special attention. First, the pastor must work out his definition of what of what is distinctive in his counseling as pastor. SecondRead MorePastoral Care and Counseling Essay5654 Words   |  23 PagesIntroduction Pastoral care and Counseling is one of the important ministries in the Church at any place in the world. 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ThisRead MoreFinal Project Essay7836 Words   |  32 PagesSOLUTION-BLESSED BRIEF PASTORAL COUNSELING PROJECT by Amy Tahran L22263350 Presented to John Hobbs, In partial fulfillment of the requirements for PACO 500 Introduction to Pastoral Counseling Liberty Theological Seminary Lynchburg, VA 12 August 2011 ABSTRACT For this project, I am placing myself in a hypothetical context as a staff pastoral counselor at my home church in Valley City, ND, serving a congregation of approximately 200. I have chosen as my overarching goal forRead MoreHow Pastoral Care Policy Has Contributed to the Management of Junior Secondary Schools In Botswana23474 Words   |  94 PagesResearch questions 11 1.5 Definition of key terms 12 1.6 Acronyms: 12 1.7 Significance of the study 13 1.8 Limitations 14 1.9 Delimitations 14 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 15 2.0 INTRODUCTION 15 2.1 The origin of pastoral care 15 2.2 What is pastoral care? 16 2.3 Perceptions about implementation of PC in schools 17 2.3.1 International Perspectives 17 2.3.2 Different perspectives about benefits of PCP. 19 2.3. Challenges of implementing PCP 20 2.3.4 Conclusion 22 2.4 BotswanaRead MoreCyp Core 3.1:1637 Words   |  7 Pagesstudied the thinking and logic of children and he believed that children had different logic to adults. Piaget started his theory by observing and studying his own children and concluded that children learn and build their ideas on what they see and experience, not by what they are taught. The more the children see and gain in experience the more their schemas would change and develop as they add new information. This is known as constructivist theory, coming from the word to build Schemas: a child’sRead MoreEssay on Short Term Pastoral Counseling Final15227 Words   |  61 PagesSolution-Based, Short-Term Pastoral Counsleing Final Project By Mike Garner Presented to Dr. Robyn Simmons In partial fulfillment of the requirements of Introduction to Pastoral Counseling PACO 500 Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary Lynchburg, VA March 3, 2013 Abstract My future ministry will be as Co-Pastor of a medium sized Community Church in Lewisville, Texas. Each Sunday the church will have approximately 240 in attendance of Sunday morning worship service. My overarchingRead MoreHow Schools Are Organised in Terms of Roles and Responsibilities2233 Words   |  9 Pages All types of people can become school governors. No special qualifications are required, but you must be 18 or over on the date when you are elected or appointed. Enthusiasm, commitment and an interest in education are the most important qualities. You dont need to have a child at the school. Many schools would particularly welcome new governors who have transferable skills developed at work, or who have a particularly good understanding of the community served by the school What do schoolRead MoreDescribe with Examples How Schools May Demonstrate and Uphold Their Aims:14953 Words   |  60 PagesContents 1.1. Identify the main types of state and independent schools: ----------------------------- P161 1.2. Describe the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stages and school governance: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ P168 1.3. Describe roles and responsibilities of: --------------------------------------------------------- P174 1.4. Describe the roles of external professionals who may work with a school:

New York and Nebraska Free Essays

In this world no two places can be considered to be same. All the places have a certain amount of distinctness, a certain flavor and a very dominant persona. If we consider two places, New York and Nebraska, there are a lot of similarities and contrasts, as they are the states of a same country, i. We will write a custom essay sample on New York and Nebraska or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. United States of America. Both the states have discrete histories but have common grounds on the basis of European Settlers. Nebraska became officially part of United States of America only in 1812 after Missouri Treaty bill.   New York on the other hand was dominant by the point of British and it was an important place in terms of the revolution for Independence. Comparisons between New York and Nebraska New York and Nebraska are both large states of America and have lot of importance to the country. Both the states being large on their own are blessed on natural terms. On the whole the two states have similarities on the basis of its large parks and greenery. Also both the states are blessed with the amount of voluminous rivers flowing through them. Nebraska and New York have a very good base in agriculture and have large share of their economy dependent on agricultural products. On a religious point of view too, both the states comprising have similarities in terms that both have a maximum population of Christians than any other religions. The states also are very rich in its heritage and culture and the no. of museums both have are outstanding, as both the states have a view of protecting and highlighting their culture. Contrasts between New York and Nebraska Firstly the climate of both the states is very different, and their discreetness is so high that the state of Nebraska has in fact two climates in its region. The state is grossly divided between a humid climate and a steppe climate. Also the effect of Global warming though being everywhere in the world is marginally higher in Nebraska compared to New York. This is assessed by the following: ‘Nebraska is home to an incredible diversity of native wildlife species, including 346 birds, 83 mammals, 87fish, 47 reptiles and 13 amphibians. Rising temperatures in the state will likely change the makeup of entire ecosystems, forcing wildlife to shift their ranges or adapt. Global warming could contribute to a 20-50 percent decline in forested area, particularly in eastern Nebraska, where grasslands and savanna could replace forests and woodlands’. (Courtesy: Myra Wilensky, â€Å"Global warming and Nebraska†. Retrieved on May 4, 2008 from http://www.nwf.org/globalwarming/pdfs/Nebraska.pdf#search=%22%22global%20warming%22%2C%20Nebraska%22) Both the states have a massive difference in the terms of economy as the state of New York is one of the key finance providers of the nation compared to Nebraska. One of the major contrasting feature of the two states politically is Nebraska is a religious Republican follower while the state of New York is avidly a Democratic supporter. Conclusion Both the states have their own theories of running the economy and are well blessed with flora and fauna. The comparison between the two states assesses the fact that how much ever two places might be distinct or similar, both of them are unique in their own way. Reference: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Myra Wilensky, â€Å"Global warming and Nebraska†. http://www.nwf.org/globalwarming/pdfs/Nebraska.pdf#search=%22%22global%20warming%22%2C%20Nebraska%22 How to cite New York and Nebraska, Essay examples New York and Nebraska Free Essays In this world no two places can be considered to be same. All the places have a certain amount of distinctness, a certain flavor and a very dominant persona. If we consider two places, New York and Nebraska, there are a lot of similarities and contrasts, as they are the states of a same country, i. We will write a custom essay sample on New York and Nebraska or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. United States of America. Both the states have discrete histories but have common grounds on the basis of European Settlers. Nebraska became officially part of United States of America only in 1812 after Missouri Treaty bill.   New York on the other hand was dominant by the point of British and it was an important place in terms of the revolution for Independence. Comparisons between New York and Nebraska New York and Nebraska are both large states of America and have lot of importance to the country. Both the states being large on their own are blessed on natural terms. On the whole the two states have similarities on the basis of its large parks and greenery. Also both the states are blessed with the amount of voluminous rivers flowing through them. Nebraska and New York have a very good base in agriculture and have large share of their economy dependent on agricultural products. On a religious point of view too, both the states comprising have similarities in terms that both have a maximum population of Christians than any other religions. The states also are very rich in its heritage and culture and the no. of museums both have are outstanding, as both the states have a view of protecting and highlighting their culture. Contrasts between New York and Nebraska Firstly the climate of both the states is very different, and their discreetness is so high that the state of Nebraska has in fact two climates in its region. The state is grossly divided between a humid climate and a steppe climate. Also the effect of Global warming though being everywhere in the world is marginally higher in Nebraska compared to New York. This is assessed by the following: ‘Nebraska is home to an incredible diversity of native wildlife species, including 346 birds, 83 mammals, 87fish, 47 reptiles and 13 amphibians. Rising temperatures in the state will likely change the makeup of entire ecosystems, forcing wildlife to shift their ranges or adapt. Global warming could contribute to a 20-50 percent decline in forested area, particularly in eastern Nebraska, where grasslands and savanna could replace forests and woodlands’. (Courtesy: Myra Wilensky, â€Å"Global warming and Nebraska†. Retrieved on May 4, 2008 from http://www.nwf.org/globalwarming/pdfs/Nebraska.pdf#search=%22%22global%20warming%22%2C%20Nebraska%22) Both the states have a massive difference in the terms of economy as the state of New York is one of the key finance providers of the nation compared to Nebraska. One of the major contrasting feature of the two states politically is Nebraska is a religious Republican follower while the state of New York is avidly a Democratic supporter. Conclusion Both the states have their own theories of running the economy and are well blessed with flora and fauna. The comparison between the two states assesses the fact that how much ever two places might be distinct or similar, both of them are unique in their own way. Reference: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Myra Wilensky, â€Å"Global warming and Nebraska†. http://www.nwf.org/globalwarming/pdfs/Nebraska.pdf#search=%22%22global%20warming%22%2C%20Nebraska%22 How to cite New York and Nebraska, Essay examples

The Great Grandfather of the Sandalwood Mountains

Maxine Hong Kingston’s work has long fascinated critics for its investigation of speech, language and storytelling as a means of unlocking some of the deepest secrets of the Chinese culture, a culture that observes very clear behavioral distinctions between genders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Grandfather of the Sandalwood Mountains specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kingston belongs to a culture wherein women â€Å"use story as a means to understanding and survival,† whereas for the most part the men of the Chinese culture â€Å"tend toward silence† (Pinkser n.p.). In Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Great Grandfather of the Sandalwood Mountains, from her non-fiction work China Men, the author explores the theme of enforced silence and its consequences in numerous facets. The story details not only what happens from the standpoint of political oppression, but also how the theme of enforced silence plays itself out in families, often in an intergenerational manner. Critic Sanford Pinsker understands that the enforced silence, especially that which is staunchly observed among Chinese men, â€Å"forces Kingston to invent multiple versions of what may have happened in her father’s past† (Pinkser n.p.). The Great Grandfather of the Sandalwood Mountains exists as an epic family history, and follows the world travels of a number of generations of Chinese men. Kingston recounts the journeys of her â€Å"family of male sojourners across America and away from womenfolk and children in China. This dispersed arrangement of family members was the predominant form the traditional Chinese extended patrilineal family system took during the peak years of emigration† (Pinkser n.p.). Although these generations of men traveled the world and witnessed many wonders, their culture of enforced silence bid them not to share most if not all of the details of their experiences. In Kingston’s The Great Grandfather of the Sandalwood Mountains therefore, we see the impact of this silence as family members attempt to make sense of their heritage with only anecdotal and speculative information available to them, often delivered from third and fourth hand sources, not from the grandfathers themselves.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the reader’s first experiences of the theme of enforced silence occurs when Kingston discusses the third wife of her maternal grandfather (Kingston 85). The woman in question is not given a name, nor does Kingston reveal the grandmother’s origin, explaining only that â€Å"my maternal grandfather had brought a third wife back from his third trip West, Bali or Hawaii or South America or Africa† (Kingston 85). The impact of the silence – in this case, the suppressi on of detail about this element of the family – reveals itself in the fate of the grandmother. Kingston claims that â€Å"I am glad to see the black grandmother ended up with a son and grandson who are articulate. When she came to China she â€Å"jabbered like a monkey,† but no one answered her. Who knows what she was saying anyway? She fell mute† (Kingston 85). In this passage from the text we glimpse the consequence of enforced silence on the grandmother – her family essentially ignores her, until she stops attempting to communicate with anyone at all (Kingston 85). In this example, though Kingston does not overtly state it, the enforced silence destroyed a member of her family (Kingston 85). The above example also brings up the idea of enforced silence in the area of interracial marriages. Despite the fact that interracial marriages clearly happened between the grandfathers who traveled the world and the women of other races and cultures that they met and fell in love and married there, all details of these unions are kept silent and buried in the culture, and even within the families where they occur, as evidenced by the lack of information that Kingston seems to know about this relative. Critic Linda Ching Sledge has spoken of the issue of interracial marriages and its treatment in Kingston’s work and in the Chinese culture at large. In Sledge’s words, Kingston’s The Great Grandfather of the Sandalwood Mountains draws an accurate portrait of â€Å"the thorny issue of miscegenation† in the Chinese culture (Sledge 19). According to Sledge, â€Å"it is well known that intermarriage was strictly forbidden to Chinese by Confucian teachings, for it went against the classical notion established in the Li Chi that marriage was a religious duty between consenting families to secure the services in the ancestral temple for the predecessors and to secure the continuance of the family line for posterity†¦.† (Sledge 19). The enforced silence in regards to the black grandmother in this case has deep cultural roots in the ancient teachings of Chinese philosophy, economic practices and social customs, although the appearance of the black grandmother herself speaks volumes about the â€Å"long ignored problems of sojourner history—loneliness, homesickness, sexual frustration—without cultural bias† (Sledge 19). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Grandfather of the Sandalwood Mountains specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the fact that silence was culturally bred, clearly once the sojourners left China, their natural desires trumped their cultural taboos. In Kingston’s The Great Grandfather of the Sandalwood Mountains, we see the impact of enforced silence in the way that the black grandmother is treated, but not in the action of the grandfather himself, who took her as his wife. In Sledge’s opinion, the reader comes â€Å"to understand and accept the emotional needs motivating these men to enter relationships which violated so profoundly cherished family and religious attitudes because we view such relationships from a sojourner’s (Bak Sook Goong) own point of view† (Sledge 19). We also see the practice of enforced silence applied in the political arena in Kingston’s The Great Grandfather of the Sandalwood Mountains. In this case the enforced silence relates to keeping quiet and not drawing attention to oneself and one’s family, for fear of rousing the interest and ire of the Communist party. Interestingly, this fear transcends physical borders in The Great Grandfather of the Sandalwood Mountains, and the family remains cognizant of the long arm of the Communist Party – real or perceived – even though they live in the United States. We find an example of this in the text wherein Kingston discusses the enforced silence as an obstacle to her trip to China. â€Å"I’d like to go to China if I can get a visa and – more difficult – permission from my family, who are afraid that applying for a visa would call attention to us: the relatives in China would get in trouble for having American capitalist connections, and we Americans would be put in relocation camps during the next witch hunt for Communists† (Kingston 87). In Kingston’s The Great Grandfather of the Sandalwood Mountains, the author also illustrates a contrasting perspective on enforced silence, one that provides an important insight as to how the Chinese sojourners were able to move beyond the constrictive silence of their culture, travel the world and enjoy a fuller experience of life. Kingston’s The Great Grandfather of the Sandalwood Mountains attributes this phenomenon to the influence of nature. In her mind, certain parts of China transcend the enforced silence of their cu lture through the example provided by the natural world – nature itself is dynamic, ever changing, and certainly rarely silent. Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the following example, the reader witnesses the impact of enforced silence slowly eroded by the natural curiosity displayed by the ocean. â€Å"†Ocean people are different from land people. The ocean never stops saying and asking into ears, which don’t sleep like eyes. Those who live by the sea examine the driftwood and glass balls that float from foreign ships†¦Sometimes ocean people are given to understand the newness and oldness of the world; then all morning they try to keep that boundless joy like a little sun inside their chests. The ocean also makes its people know immensity. They wonder what continents contain the ocean on its other side, what people live there† (Kingston 90). Here Kingston’s The Great Grandfather of the Sandalwood Mountains gives the reader a glimpse of how the enforced silence of the Chinese men can be broken – through curiosity, through an understanding that there exists a large world out there, one that offers different experiences, different people, and one that perhaps does not suppress verbal expression to the same extent that the Chinese culture does. In this passage Kingston offers the reader one of the main clues as to how the Chinese men who grew up in a system of enforced silence were able to move beyond it and expand their horizons to the wider world. Works Cited Kingston, Maxine Hong. â€Å"The Great Grandfather of the Sandalwood Mountains.† China Men. New York: Random House, 1977. Print. Pinsker, Sanford. â€Å"Maxine Hong Kingston: Overview.† Contemporary Novelists. Susan Windisch Brown. 6th ed. New York: St. James Press, 1996. Web. Sledge, Linda Ching. â€Å"Maxine Kingston’s China Men: The Family Historian as Epic Poet.† MELUS 7.4 (Winter 1980): 3-22. Web. This essay on The Great Grandfather of the Sandalwood Mountains was written and submitted by user Moriah Cooley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Gunpowder Invention and Its Impacts on the World

The Gunpowder Invention and Its Impacts on the World Introduction The world appeared in a different place before the invention of gunpowder. Living as an individual seemed beached before the discovery of gunpowder. The combat zones did not have any explosive projectiles, artillery, or cannons. The existence of these weapons after gunpowder discovery, however, came with several bottlenecks.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Gunpowder Invention and Its Impacts on the World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the changing factors such as altitude and wind, along with intense inaccuracy affected the use of these weapons. The black powder from gunpowder became enormous culpability on the decisive account of bullet progression. The initial discovery of gunpowder changed many things that happened around the world. According to Arrault and Catherin, the invention mostly affected battlefield approaches all over the world (p.45). The Chinese discovery that dates back to nearly one thousand years produced a very dangerous powder that contained a combination of Saltpeter, Sulfur, and Charcoal. This fueled massive and hefty explosions, which were apparent in pyrotechnic gadgets, firearms, rockets, and fireworks. In the present times, the production of gunpowder still goes on as a continuation of the works of the ancient alchemists from China. The Invention of gunpowder The major discovery of gunpowder appeared back in the 800 A.D. period. The Taoist alchemists from China who were seeking immortality (elixir) were the main propellers of this invention. Paradoxically, the invention of gunpowder was inadvertent. It resulted from the Chinese alchemists who were only investigating the uninterrupted life secrets. The researchers were merely engaging in the recreation of Potassium Nitrate (an oxidizing chemical), Carbon, and Sulfur before they realized such a big invention. Dating back to the middle of the ninth century, a scientist in the medi cal field came up with an idea to merge charcoal and sulfur with saltpeter. The product of this combination was extremely mysterious. For instance, the resultant powder produced dangerous flames and smokes. Besides, the powder scorched the experimental quarters and destroyed the faces and hands of the researchers (Needham 35).Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The invention of firearms in the fiscal 1100 years, therefore, resulted from gunpowder development that occurred in the previous centuries. The Chinese researchers sourced funds from the empire of Han, specifically from Emperor Di Wu. The components of gunpowder included carbon, sulfur, and potassium nitrate. The chemical composition entailed fifteen percent of Carbon, ten percent of Sulfur, and seventy-five percent of Potassium Nitrate. Studies suggest that both the Western and Eastern world nations considerably experienced divergent impacts from the inventions of gunpowder. The economic developments in many nations came due to the gunpowder revolution. The significance of gunpowder triggers to date owing to its relevance during the middle ages (Temple 41). On the other hand, the production of gunpowder never came on a silver platter. The inventors could only access some of the ingredients for making gunpowder from imports. The acquisition of Saltpeter took place in India and Italy, whereas volcanoes apparent in Sicily and Italy produced Sulfur (Brimstone). Moreover, Carbon came in the form of charcoal obtained from power mills found within Chinese locality. The production of one tone of gunpowder necessitated a quantity of two tones of charcoal. However, the process of producing gunpowder involved many steps. These included grounding, integration, incorporation, break down and pressing. Other processes encompassed corning, powdering, glazing, aeration, and testing (Arrault and Catherin 51) . Considerably, the violation of any step under this process meant that the production would be a fault. During the process of preparation, the alchemists sifted and grounded sulfur and charcoal to purify it. However, Saltpeter from the factory could be directly utilized given that it was free from foreign objects. The use of horse-driven refineries to produce gunpowder was evident until the nineteenth century. The researchers then used a rotating drum to mix the ingredients in the required proportion. They added small quantities of water to the mixture. During the incorporation stage, they used water wheel or horsepower to merge the mixture, and this differed from the initial use of a motor and pestle. The British Incorporation Mills used during the eighteenth century came into existence in the seventeenth century. Nonetheless, the use of the system engine substituted the horse and water coerced mills in the nineteenth century (Needham 37). The fourth stage entailed the breakdown o f mill cake to form meal powder using severing machines and sledgehammers. Subsequently, the hard-press cake was made from compacting and pressing the meal powder. To produce a reliable invention, the researchers introduced corning in the 6th century. The breaking of press cakes passed through different cycles of smooth breakers that are fluted and jagged to produce corns of different sizes.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Gunpowder Invention and Its Impacts on the World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Dusting afterward took place as researchers removed any dust that remained in the process and returned it in the system. Graphite and black lead assisted in polishing and tumbling gunpowder pellets to amplify moisture resistance. In the penultimate stage, the grains were dried up to one degree of water content by exposing them to ovens having the heat of forty-degree centigrade. Lastly, cannons and morta rs used for firing were employed to test the consistency and quality of the produced gunpowder (Temple 42). How gunpowder invention changed the world The invention was important to all-inclusive existence and developments in the whole world. The invention of gunpowder changed the entire world in terms of civil unrest, uprisings, warfare, as well as science and technology. The invention of gunpowder was a confirmation of the first explosive substance that existed. However, before this invention, the combination of such chemicals produced a smolder used during spiritual functions and sanitation for the Chinese. During the 7th century, fumigants were used in community structures and homesteads. Specifically, the fumigants helped in exonerating destructive insects and evil spirits. The fireworks in public celebrations came from a flammable mixture of chemicals. After alchemists discovered that a combination of dried organic matter, potassium nitrate, and sulfur produced highly combustib le powder, they started testing them. The proto-gunpowder produced unintended ignitions in the ninth century to destroy property and render injuries to several people. The Huo Yao became prevalent in the 10th century as explosive gunpowder. The Chinese overwhelmingly applied the gunpowder during warfare. Nonetheless, many nations misconceived that the Chinese used gunpowder for firecrackers at the outset. In the fiscal 919, the flamethrowers utilized gunpowder in the ignition. The Sung reigning dynasty afterward placed gunpowder into use while fighting their rivals like the Mongols. The combatants exploited the gunpowder by propelling and hand throwing the new fangled armaments such as grenades and bombs to their adversaries (Needham 39). In fiscal 1044, the scientists initiated the formulae for producing gunpowder. Weak explosions resulted from these formulas. Nevertheless, the extent of the explosion became extremely high two centuries later when the amount of potassium nitrate wa s increased in that content. The gunpowder used in primeval rockets became an important element during the onset of the 11th century.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In essence, the blazing arrow was propelled to target the opponent by the blast-off gunpowder. The soldiers attached gunpowder filled-bamboo cylinders before shooting them to the opponents during the war. Similarly, for use as flamethrowers, bamboo pipes filled with gunpowder were attached to the lancers. The dangerous tactic changed the way of approaching a scuffle by combatants. The changes saw different battle tactics between Jin Tears and Chinese Song. The militants amalgamated gunpowder with wrecked proclaims and metal scraps to generate more dangerous explosives. These dangerous projectiles provided an imperative function during the war that lasted between the 11th and 12th centuries. According to various researchers, the invention of gun resulted from the devised bamboo tubes. Today, gun use is on high-rise and is believed to have risen from the development of Chinese gadgets like pyrotechnics. After the advent of atomic bombs, it is sarcastic that the discovery of dangerous gunpowder was as an expedition for immortality. On the other hand, the discovery of gunpowder has changed the system of drawing boundaries as well as the modes of battling during warfare. The Chinese alchemist’s (800 A.D) life facilitated the experimentation that led to the invention of gunpowder. This has transformed the world into many expenses. Approximately, every weapon and tool brought into play in the contemporary world has a foundation in gunpowder invention. These may include both the current and earlier exploited weapons like bombs, grenades, riffles, and fiery arrows. Therefore, many nations have benefited a lot in the battle, owing to the invention of gunpowder. For example, the Chinese successfully fought the Mongols due to the psychological niche they gained from the invention of explosive devices. In anticipation of the thirteenth century, gunpowder was the only leading source of weapon used in battles by the Chinese. The invention developed into a factor to de cide the encounters that transpired between nations since gunpowder widespread had reached several Islamic and European countries. During the Hundred Years War, the use of gunpowder technology was evident in many states. The French and English forces, for instance, in the fiscal 1350 employed elementary cannons made using gunpowder. Such nations used these new technological changes in gunpowder against their opponents. During the year 1453 triumphant cordon of the Constantinople, cannons of gunpowder were the major weapons used by the Turks of Ottoman. Thus, the entire European walled reinforcement became vulnerable, feeble, and impregnable due to the fundamental discovery of the powerful and new-fangled gunpowder. The insertion of gunpowder into handgun containers marked another revolution. The significant revolution appeared in the middle of the fifteenth century. The insertion was vital since cannons were essentially reduced into smaller sizes that could be transported easily. Th e inventions of gunpowder led to infantry, which is a category of fresh armed forces. This denoted that soldiers could personally own guns and keep them in their custody. In due course, calls for fresh commands gave rise to the birth of the contemporary defense force all over the world. Although gunpowder is not the main volatile device that soldiers can utilize, it is an important tool. A good part of the modern weaponry such as guns found their foundation staged in the discovery of gunpowder. In a real sense, gunpowder has staged a good platform for any nation or states that wish to rejoice triumph in any skirmish. Were it not for the invention of gunpowder; the occasional July 4 merriment could have had no firecrackers hearts. In the present world, gunpowder is used for making diverse gadgets like fireworks that make the occasion more colorful. The pyrotechnics of placing gunpowder into small tubes sparkles and create fireworks tend to shape through miniature pellets along with c olorizing chemicals. Further, the invention facilitated the production of mid-air sprays of different colors such as sapphire, golden, and reds in ceremonies engaging fireworks. The other world nations have once come up with gunpowder assortments from different discoveries, innovations, and modifications. The enormous developments akin to the use of black powder by the European countries resulted from the discovery of gunpowder. All the same, great divergences arose between different persons who assumed the compliments of inventing black powder from major gunpowder discovery. Several individuals asserted that Schwarz Berthold was the originator of black powder while others supposed it was a Franciscan cleric (Bacon Rodger). Many claims that the first gun was an invention from Berthold Black, who was an alchemist. The history relaying the whereabouts of these alchemists such as the period of invention, death, or birth, however, remains uncertain. In essence, the developments at comba t zones were not only the involvement of gunpowder invention in the evolution of China and the rest of the world (Paradowski 59). The entire world has benefited from this discovery. Certainly, gunpowder has helped the human race to perk up besides creating and innovating fresh uses of gunpowder. The invention has dictated the course of action for diverse incidents in both peace and struggle. Several countries around the world have been able to turn their places to be more secure than it was in the earlier days. This discovery has also rendered a comfortable civilization with many nations building canals that in turn transform the arid region into flourishing green meadows. The creative and innovate uses of gunpowder has fostered the ease of tunneling and mining in many nations. Seemingly, this has made the world a better place to live, given that it is a safer and secure place all over (Dawson 75). The discovery of gunpowder mainly changed the world as evidently seen in warfare and its consequences. As early as the fourteenth century, gunpowder was a solitary invention out of the four key discoveries in China. The ancient world warfare embraced the knowledge of using gunpowder for based on its rapid widespread. In history, gunpowder has an influence that has never been quantified. The archers were the primal striking force that was used by the earlier combatants (Ling 160). Consequently, the war in the previous world was an affair of every person before the invention of gunpowder. The archers could strike at an average of one hundred yards in the distance with the highest affectivity and accuracy. Some archers could shoot even further than one hundred yards. In several countries, the castles, cities, and towns erected barriers to bombard the weighty automatic machines, projectiles, and trebuchets. Conversely, the erection of physical barrier changed with the invention of gunpowder. The reach of firefighters and musketeers became superior as compared to the arc hers. Likewise, the Musketeers and riflemen had excellent and superior time to train with a lot of ease. All over the world, the piercing of armor for the best plate became palpable through rapid step up of gun smoldering. Additionally, in the battlegrounds, it was easier to safeguard and enchant the lance since soldiers had embraced gunpowder as a vital tool. Countries brought to an end the over-reliance on undersized Territorial Army that was complemented by taxes. Instead, many nations adopted the pursuit of equipping and fielding numerous men owing to the improvement in the Information Technology sector that resulted from the invention of gunpowder (Paradowski 62). The enrichment of weaponry rendered the fortified city walls outdated. The main idea was to look at how to fit a country was in terms of how its armaments and cannons could transmit firepower. Equally, gunpowder facilitated the fortification of many constructions in diverse cities around the world. To justify the expe nditure, weaponry prevailed in the contest given that enough could not be placed in the construction of city walls. It was noteworthy since it encouraged the spread out in most urban areas (Dawson 72). The European territories, which are some of the worlds most sprawling realms rose due to the invention of gunpowder. The firearm technology enabled the European nations to curl up other world continents to be their spheres of authority through different penetrations enhanced by gunpowder know-how. The independence of several nations got a blow from the fact that they had an underprivileged technology regarding the use of guns. This rendered them less advantageous in comparison with European nations that colonized them after embracing the technology of using firearms. Interestingly, countries such as Japan and China were the only nations that never experienced such harsh wraths. The colonization of nations such as South America was much unproblematic since they were unsettled (Ling 160 ). Any person could use a gun to meet his/her day-to-day life expectancies, including hunting for furs and food. The settlers in the community could easily defend themselves from very small groups that raided them over and above the marauders. The world settlers struck out using guns to claim their land rights. This brought about the springs of American independence along with spearheading speedy colonialism. Conclusion In anticipation of the discovery of gunpowder, the prevalent browbeat typically won the struggle. Indeed, before the invention of western six-shooter handguns, gunpowder played a very important role in the entire world. The discovery of gunpowder brought the medieval era to an end. The complete communal structure of various world nations that shifted to cities and towns turned out to be extremely influential. In this regard, Knight never ruled the theatre of wars anymore. The developments of artillery enabled the defiance of tyrant emperors and lords with the appeara nce of mass rookie defense forces. In the main, the invention of gunpowder changed the world a great deal as evident in the field of engineering, mathematics, research, and all aspects of life. Surely, the great improvements came with the discovery of gunpowder. The advent of gunpowder came when the entire world had craved for such a valuable innovation. Arrault, Alain and Catherin Jami. Science and Technology in East Asia: The Legacy of Joseph Needham. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepoplis, 2001. Print. Dawson, Raymond. The Legacy of China. Boston: Cheng and Tsui Press, 1990. Print. Ling, Wang. The Invention and Use of Gunpowder and Firearms in China. Isis, 37.5 (1947): 160. Print. Needham, Joseph. Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic Part 7 in Chemistry and Chemical Technology. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Print. Paradowski, Robert. Great Events from History: The middle Ages and the Invention of Gunpowder and Guns. Pasadena, CA: Salem Press, Inc, 2004. Print. Temple, Robert. The Genius of China: Three Thousand Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention 1986 Reprint. New York: Prion Books, 1999. Print.

Geography and History of the Great Wall of China

Geography and History of the Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is not a continuous wall but is a collection of short walls that often follow the crest of hills on the southern edge of the Mongolian plain. The Great Wall of China, known as long Wall of 10,000 Li in China, extends about 8,850 kilometers (5,500 miles). Building the Great Wall of China A first set of walls, designed to keep Mongol nomads out of China, were built of earth and stones in wood frames during the Qin Dynasty (221 to 206 BCE). Some additions and modifications were made to these simple walls over the next millennium but the major construction of the modern walls began in the Ming Dynasty (1388 to 1644 CE). The Ming fortifications were established in new areas from the Qin walls. They were up to 25 feet (7.6 meters) high, 15 to 30 feet (4.6 to 9.1 meters) wide at the base, and from 9 to 12 feet (2.7 to 3.7 meters) wide at the top (wide enough for marching troops or wagons). At regular intervals, guard stations and watch towers were established. Since the Great Wall was discontinuous, Mongol invaders had no trouble breaching the wall by going around it, so the wall proved unsuccessful and was eventually abandoned. Additionally, a policy of mollification during the subsequent Ching Dynasty that sought to pacify the Mongol leaders through religious conversion also helped to limit the need for the Great Wall. Through Western contact with China from the 17th through 20th centuries, the legend of the Great Wall of China grew along with tourism to the wall. Restoration and rebuilding took place in the 20th century and in 1987 the Great Wall of China was made a World Heritage Site. Today, a portion of the Great Wall of China, about 50 miles (80 km) from Beijing, receives thousands of tourists each day. Can You See It From Outer Space or the Moon? For some reason, some urban legends tend to get started and never disappear. Many are familiar with the claim that the Great Wall of China is the only man-made object visible from space or from the moon with the naked eye. This is simply not true. The myth of being able to see the Great Wall from space originated in Richard Halliburtons 1938 (long before humans saw the Earth from space) book Second Book of Marvels said that the Great Wall of China is the only man-made object visible from the moon. From a low orbit of the Earth, many artificial objects are visible, such as highways, ships in the sea, railroads, cities, fields of crops, and even some individual buildings. While at a low orbit, the Great Wall of China can certainly be seen from space, it is not unique in that regard. However, when leaving the Earths orbit and acquiring an altitude of more than a few thousand miles, no man-made objects are visible at all. NASA says, The Great Wall can barely be seen from the Shuttle, so it would not be possible to see it from the Moon with the naked eye. Thus, it would be tough to spot the Great Wall of China or any other object from the moon. Furthermore, from the moon, even the continents are barely visible. Regarding the origination of the story, Straight Dopes pundit Cecil Adams says, Nobody knows exactly where the story got started, although some think it was speculation by some bigshot during an after-dinner speech in the early days of the space program. NASA astronaut Alan Bean is quoted in Tom Burnams book More Misinformation... The only thing you can see from the moon is a beautiful sphere, mostly white (clouds), some blue (ocean), patches of yellow (deserts), and every once in a while some green vegetation. No man-made object is visible on this scale. In fact, when first leaving earths orbit and only a few thousand miles away, no man-made object is visible at that point either.

The Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Economic Fluctuations Essay - 2

The Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Economic Fluctuations - Essay Example The report further indicated that most businesses had embraced the use of machinery and computers in their operations. The outcome of this was that it affected the labor industry negatively in that people lost jobs as a result of being replaced with machines (Krugman, 2003). In the past five years, the U.S. underwent a great recession period. This period saw a huge drawback in the economy of the country since it recorded high cases of unemployment, high interest rates and a rise in inflation. This is because during the recession period, people were dependent on loans that were being offered by the banks to conduct their business and other operations of investments (Buti, 2003). The recession caused credit markets to stop funding cheap mortgages that were being offered to the public. Home owners were then faced with difficulties of repaying the loans due to the high interests that were imposed on them. This in turn made many individuals default on payment that caused banks to collapse due to them suffering enormous losses (Gramlich and Wood, 2000). The collapsing of banks resulted in detrimental effects to the economy of the country as it was brought to a halt. This is because the growth of the economy was dependent on credit loans that were used for inv estment purposes that in turn helped boost the economy (Krugman, 2003). Most Americans lost their jobs during the recession period. In fact, studies conducted indicate that about 8.8 million individuals lost their jobs as a result of the great recession. This can be equated to between $50,000 to around $120,000 in loss per household (Buti, 2003). However, the drain in the economy was stopped by the Federal and Congress bank who intervened by offering loans with low interest rates. This took place between 2008 and 2009 (Krugman, 2003). From that time to date, banks are still reluctant to lend money to potential investors. This is due to fear of them

Comparison and Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparison and Contrast - Essay Example According to the contra-divorce view, family is the smallest but the most important unit of a society, it has a huge impact on various social constructs and, at the same time, it plays significant and crucial roles in shaping a child’s mind during its earliest years. The process of socialization, which decides who and what a man will be, starts from this smallest unit of society. But inevitably this familial organization significantly depends on the marital bond between a man and a woman for its existence in modern society. Consequently, divorce is considered to be a direct blow on this important societal unit. Divorce hampers a child’s harmonious mental and physical development. Family is accepted as a man’s first and foremost efficient training center through which a child becomes familiar and learns to revere the morals, rules, and regulations of the society. It is the family in which a child gets the fundamental behavioural patterns that tend to be further sh aped by other social institutions such as religious convictions, educational, political systems, etc. The issue of children’s welfare and strong marital bond are related to each other.